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Bulimia According to an article in the Los Angeles Times, by Marissa Cevello, (2011.1),
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Bulimia
According to an article in the Los Angeles Times, by Marissa Cevello, (2011.1), people should blame their addiction to food on the brain. There are surges in the brain of a chemical nature, and they affect how people respond to their food. Furthermore, this addiction is similar to that of drugs or alcohol, and this is according to scientists. Studies done at Yale University provide evidence that people can become addicted to food. When the brain of women was observed, the results provided a lot of meaningful information (Cevallos, 2011.1). Cravings are governed by surging parts of the brain located in curbs that are at the centre of the brain. There are disputes, which exist concerning binge eating, and it should be classified as a psychiatric disorder. Other psychologists believe that it is should be in the same category as bulimia and anorexia. The latter is according to the diagnostic manual used by professionals. Women and Men will at one point in their lives suffer from eating disorders. The statistics of for this fact is at 2% for the latter, and 3.5% for the former. This means that they will engage in binge eating, also have some of its symptoms (Cevallos, 2011.1).
The article in the Archives of General Psychiatry Journal shows that there are different brain activity patterns in healthy women, and those who have bulimia nervosa. The researchers are professors at the Columbia University. These findings are evident when women are engaged in self regulated tasks. Impulsive behaviors and binge eating are known to be the cause of this abnormality (Marsh, R. Et Al, 2009.52). An automatic response in the brain of healthy people is self regulatory. They tend to be aware of conflicting information and give it a lot of attention. On the other hand, those who have bulimia nervosa are often in a difficult position when they confronted with information, which is conflicting. They tend to have fast responses, impulsivity and likely to make many mistakes. The researches findings prove that it is easy to find a cure to bulimia nervosa, as its causes are extremely evident (Marsh, R. Et Al, 2009.52).
There are two methods, which help psychologists to know the credibility of research and articles that have been published. They latter is possible through critical thinking and the use of the scientific method. The article found in the Archives of General Psychiatry journal is credible, as well as being peer reviewed. It has been accepted by scientists, as well as certified organizations to be true. Furthermore, research was carried out by qualified and well learned people. In order to arrive at their conclusion, they had a group of women selected as population to be studied. The researchers have first hand information concerning their study and if anyone has any doubts they have the needed evidence. The other article by Mellissa is not credible as she used critical thinking, in order to persuade her readers. Furthermore, it is not peer reviewed by any credible source; this is in contrast to the other article whereby the researchers are known. She refers to her sources as scientists, but their real identities are not known. She wants to persuade people to accept the information that she has provided. Her article is not critical because did not carry out scientific research, nor used that approach.
Work Cited
Marsh, R. Et Al. HYPERLINK “http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19124688?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_DefaultReportPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum” Deficient Activity in the Neural Systems That Mediate Self-regulatory Control in Bulimia Nervosa. Archives of General Psychiatry. 66, 1, (2009):51–63.
Cevallos, Mellissa. If food addiction exists, blame the brain ,not the cookies, The Los Angeles Times, Retrieved from HYPERLINK “http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/05/news/la-heb-food-addiction-20110405” http://articles.latimes.com/2011/apr/05/news/la-heb-food-addiction-20110405, November 26 2011.
Tides and celestial mechanics
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Tides and celestial mechanics
Role of celestial mechanics in relation to tides
The customary rise and fall in sea levels globally is a phenomenon known as tides. Studies in the field of celestial mechanics have shown that tides come about as a result of the collective gravitational forces exerted by the movement of these three celestial bodies; the sun, moon and the earth. Fitzpatrick points out that celestial mechanics apply principles from physics and classical mechanics to come up with quantifiable, workable data on the mechanics of tides (p.5). Isaac Newton came up with the theory of universal gravitation, citing the gravitational forces of celestial bodies as the cause of tides. Pierre-Simon Laplace later came up with the partial differential Laplace tidal equations which are still currently in use (Fitzpatrick, p. 7). The tide-generating force resulting from differential field of lunar gravity is the major mechanism resulting in the equipotent two daily tides. The tidal oscillations result in dissipation, majorly through oceanic tide movements.
The role of tides as a tide generating force
Denny and Paine describe tide generating forces as the force produced as a result of a combination of gravitational forces of attraction between the sun, moon and earth; and the forces resulting from the rotation of the moon around the earth and the earth’s rotation around the system. As discussed earlier, this is the main force that generates tides on the ocean surfaces. The combination of these two forces results in a deformation of ocean surfaces, which in turn give the earth an elliptical appearance (p. 2). The bulges at opposite ends of the earth result from one force pulling towards the moon and the other pulling away from the moon. Celestial mechanics explain the different roles each of the bodies involved play in relation to tide generating forces. The earth and moon rotate on the barycenter, along their respective center of mass (Denny and Paine, p. 6). This provides centripetal force which maintains this motion. However, since the moon is much closer to the earth, its’ gravitational force field has a much stronger variation compared to that of the sun.
The role of celestial mechanics in relation to the four principle harmonic constants
Further developments in celestial mechanics provided scientists and other experts in that field with the ability to predict tidal behavior in a particular place. This study and prediction is made possible through the analysis of harmonic constants. Casotto and Biscani explain that the principle of harmonic constant analysis was improved upon by A. T. Doodson. He developed the system allowing production of tide generating potential (TGP) in harmonic form. This in turn allowed scientists to point out the different harmonic constants involved in the production of TGP (p. 23). Celestial mechanics facilitates a platform for the analysis of the principal harmonic constants. Thus allowing them the ability to predict tidal behavior based on the various tidal constituents.
Tidal data collection requirements to determine tidal levels
In determining tidal levels, the oceanographer requires some critical information which makes it possible for him to compute and come up with the information providing answers as to the tidal levels. These different pieces of information are referred to as the tidal constituents. They include the: principal lunar semidiurnal constituent; principal solar semidiurnal constituent; larger lunar elliptic semidiurnal constituent; luni-solar declinational diurnal constituent; lunar declinational diurnal constituent. These are the major tidal constituents that are computed together with other relevant data to determine tidal levels and other tidal features such as tidal ranges and amplitude differences between different waves according to Brumberg (p.68).
Works cited
Brumberg, V. Essential relativistic Celestial Mechanics. Adam Hilger, Bristol, 2008
Casotto, S. and Biscani, F. A fully analytical approach to the harmonic development of the tide-generating potential accounting for precession, nutation, and perturbations due to figure and planetary terms. AAS Division on Dynamical Astronomy. 2004
Denny, Mark W., and Robert T. Paine. “Celestial mechanics, sea-level changes, and intertidal ecology.” The Biological Bulletin 194.2 (1998): 108-115.
Fitzpatrick, Richard. An introduction to celestial mechanics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
The Clinton Presidency
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The Clinton Presidency
Bill Clinton is remembered for the many accomplishments achieved during his two terms as president between the year 1993 and 2001. However, the terms were also marked by controversies that left their marks on President Clinton’s legacy. He made history as the 42nd president of the United States, with extensive reforms in the economy, healthcare, and education under his belt. Some of the setbacks include incarceration policies in the federal crime bill of 1994, devastating welfare reforms and destroying the manufacturing sector by signing trade agreements like the North American Free Trade Agreement.
On the economic front, Clinton set records with his policies called Clintonomics. During his eight years as president, the United States experienced an economic growth averaging 4 percent a year. At the time he took office in 1993, the country had deficits of 290 billion dollars. President Clinton’s administration achieved the unimaginable under projections of ballooning deficits; in 2003, the country had a surplus of 236 billion dollars (Tomasky). During Clinton’s tenure, the country’s unemployment rates also fell from 7 to 4 percent by the end of his presidency. Poverty rates also dropped by the most significant margins in thirty years. On the educational front, the Clinton administration doubled federal investment in education, improved access to technology, and made higher education more affordable.
Despite all the positives that President Clinton managed to achieve, his leadership was not without setbacks. One of the areas in which the former president failed is in fighting crime. He is famously known for the three strikes law in addition to prison sentences even for non-violent offenders (Tomasky). These policies led to mass incarceration, a fact that he later expressed regret for. Another area of failure for President Clinton is welfare reforms that allowed states to decide how funds would be allocated and eligibility of recipients. It is essential to realize that despite these failures, President Clinton still managed to make history in other areas.
Works Cited
Tomasky, Michael. Bill Clinton: The American Presidents Series: The 42nd President, 1993-2001. Macmillan, 2017.