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ARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment. Module 1 Funding Body Profiles Template
Funding Body ProfilesARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment Task – Funding body profiles
1. Name of the funding body: The Toyota Foundation
URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply
http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english Toyota Motor Corporation limited
Toyota Motor Sales Company Limited.
(The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010) Education
Researches
Development practices
Activism in Japan and internationally
(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Small scale grants to Asian neighbours of up to 2 million yens
Regular grants to Asian neighbours ranging between 2 million to 8 million yen per project for two years
Individual research grants of up to 2 million yen per project for one or two years
Joint research is awarded up to 8 million yen per project for one to two years.
(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Researchers at universities
Research institutes
NGOs
Individuals without organizational affiliations
(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010) Political parties or candidates
Lobbying activities
Labour organizations
Fraternal organizations
Religious
groups
(The Toyota Foundation, April 2010)
A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding
The Toyota foundation is a grant making body established in 1974 by the Toyota Motor Corporation. According to Vision 2010 of Toyota foundation, this foundation aims at creating frameworks that will lead to concrete solutions to issues faced by their communities in the course of their revitalization and advancement, (The Toyota Foundation, Sept 2010). This foundation aims at fostering young generations to carry the community forward.
As explained in The Toyota Foundation, (Sept 2010), this foundation aims at supporting efforts to establish networks among neighbours. Under its mission The Toyota foundation focuses on providing support for projects aimed at preserving, utilizing and transmitting indigenous documents in Asia containing histories, customs and world views of people in Asia. Generally, this foundation intends to form a sustainable framework through giving support to ambitious projects by local residents, (The Toyota Foundation, Sept 2010).
A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past
Project 1: In the year 2007, the Toyota foundation implemented a two year grant for building a network among weavers and rattan farmers in Kalimantan., (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).
Project 2: In the year 20087, Toyota Foundation put up a 12 million yens project to create a peace-building network for the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh, (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).
Project 3: In the year 2007, Toyota Foundation funded a 3.5 million yen project under the Asian neighbours’ network program headed by Won Gi-Joon, (The Toyota foundation, (Dec 2010).
Any other relevant information
The Toyota Foundation does not fund indirect costs, administrative costs or overheads. In addition, it does fund events and functions held on regular, (The Toyota Foundation, April 2010)
2. Name of the funding body: National Geographic
URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/research/grant/rg1.html Net proceeds from the sale of the geographic public participation kits
Government grants
Private and public contributions
(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Research investigations
Conservation projects
Exploration projects
Geographic education
exhibitions
curriculum materials
outreach programs
(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). The grants range from $15,000 to 20,000.
(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Individuals
Groups
organizations
Research institutions
Geographic archives
(National Geographic, Jan, 2011). Archaeological sites
Artefacts sites
Racists
Persons with criminal records
(National Geographic, Jan, 2011).
A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding
National Geographic is a funding body based in United States that supports conservation activities around the world that fall within its mission. Through awarding of grants, this body intends to support projects with both geographic dimension and relevance to other scientific fields and also with broad scientific interest. As explained in National Geographic charter document, the mission of this body is to increase and diffuse geographical knowledge while promoting conservation of the world’s cultural and natural resources, (National Geographic, March, 2010).
According to National Geographic charter document, this organization seeks to fulfil scientific and education objectives through supporting vital projects in the areas of research, conservation, exploration, education and public outreach. In short, the fundamental objective of National Geographic is to support projects that contribute significantly to the preservation and sustainable use of the earth’s biological, cultural and historical resources, (National Geographic, March, 2010).
A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past
Project 1: National Geographic is currently funding an initiative aimed at preserving African lions, which was pioneered by veteran wildlife film makers and photographers, Mr Dereck and MR Breverly in the year 2006.( National Geographic, Jan, 2011),
Project 2: Since the year 2005, National Geographic has funded a project aimed at saving the endangered fish species in lakes and oceans that was initiated by Mr Zeb Hogan. The project has been funded to gather data, work with local fishers to catch the endangered species, tag them and release them back for future studies, (National Geographic, Jan, 2011).
Project 3: National Geographic has been supporting project intended to help women from Afghanistan to the improvement of educational and life opportunities. The body has been providing creative tools and resources to help Afghanistan women to develop their own skills, and sense of self. (National Geographic, Jan, 2011),
Any other relevant information
Applications for grants are limited to the following disciplines: biology, geography, anthropology, archaeology, astronomy, botany, geology, oceanography, palaeontology, and zoology, (National Geographic, Jan, 2011).ARCH8015 Module 1 Assessment Task – Funding body profiles
3. Name of the funding body: The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA)
URL (website address) An explanation of where their money comes from A list of what types of activities / items they will provide money for How much money will they award? A list of who is eligible to apply A list of who is ineligible to apply
http://www.icpa.com.au/ ICPA is funded by the government of Australia, (ICPA, 2011) Distance education
Hostels for boarding schools
Travel
Early childhood education
Rural and remote education
Specific learning needs such as learning disabilities and difficulties
Tertiary education
(ICPA, 2009, p. 10)
The amount of money awarded subject to the activity in question. For example, boarding allowance is set at 55% of average boarding fee in Australia. However, additional allowances may be given but which are subject to tests.
(ICPA, 2009, p. 10)
Individual students and citizens
Families
schools
(ICPA, 2011) Non-citizens of Australian
Charities
Councils
Groups
Agencies
(ICPA, 2011).
A brief summary of their objectives or aims in providing funding
ICPA is a political and non-profit making independent body established in Australia which is dedicated to ensure that all students from rural and remote areas have equity access to appropriate and continuing education, (ICPA, 2011). This body seeks to ensure that the federal government continually gives adequate funding to students and schools from disadvantaged regions on an equitable basis. In addition, aims at assisting students from rural and remote areas have access to educational opportunities that are at least equivalent to those available to urban students.
As stipulated under ICPA policies and objectives (2009, p. 2), ICPA aims to ensure that children and families are able to reach their individual optimal educational potential through special education, school term hostels, country area programmes, distance education, education allowances, travel boarding schools and others. In short, the aim of ICPA is to ensure that all elements of education including cultural experiences, social contacts and other enriching activities are available to all children irrespective of their home location, (ICPA, 2009, p. 15)
A brief description of at least three projects they have funded in the past
Project 1: ICPA has been undertaking a project known as Country Areas Programme (CAP) that seeks to ensure that federal government adequately funds students and schools from disadvantaged geographic regions, (ICPA, 2009, p.4).
Project 2: Through a project called early childhood education and care, ICPA seeks to ensure that an appropriate and affordable range of early childhood programmes are available to provide support to children and parents who live in rural and remote areas, (ICPA, 2009, p.3).
Project 3: ICPA ensures the provision of suitable government allowances to students in rural and remote areas, (ICPA, 2009, p.5). Such allowances assist in compensating families and their children for additional costs incurred in their education.
Any other relevant information
Not Applicable.
References
National Geographic, (Jan, 2011), conservation trust grant application,
Available from http://www.nationalgeographic.com/field/grants-programs/conservation-trust-application.html
The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA), (2011), Working together for equity of access to education
for all students who live in rural and remote Australia
Retrieved from http://www.icpa.com.au/
National Geographic, (March, 2010), Genograghic Legacy Fund Charter Document
Retrieved from www.nationalgenograghic.com/genograghic/legacy_fund.html
The Isolated Children’s Parents’ Association of Australia (ICPA), (2009), Policies,
Available from www.icpa.com.au/documents/…policy/federal-icpa-policies-booklet.pdf
The Toyota foundation, (December 2010), Grant Projects: Activities,
Retrieved from http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english/00topics/topics02/
The Toyota Foundation, (September 2010), Toyota foundation Vision 2010: Building Better Future
Available from http://www.toyotafound.or.jp/english/
The Toyota Foundation, (April 2010) developing and managing information about grants for agriculture, energy, environment and
natural resources in the worlds developing countries,
Available from http://www.terravivagrants.org/Home/view-grant-makers/foundations-and-ngos/toyota-foundation
Appointment System of State
Name:
Subject:
Date:
Appointment System of State Judges
State judges carry out various duties just as federal judges but they differ in other aspects. Depending on a state’s legal arrangement, there may be different types of judges at the state level. Selection of state judges varies from state to state and it can be political at times since some judges are elected to their positions. State judges ought to be appointed since they keep watch over the legislative and executive branches of the government.
There are different types of state level judges thus their qualification differ from one level to the other (United States Institute of Peace 1). For instance, if one is looking forward to become a justice of peace in Texas. The candidate should be acquainted with the following qualifications; the candidate must be a citizen of United States, must be 18years of age prior to the appointment date, must be mentally competent, must have a clear or no criminal record and must be eligible for the office.
State judges therefore need to be appointed and not elected since their work is sensitive and requires high qualification levels, legal knowledge and ability, professional experience, judicial temperament, diligence, good health, financial responsibility, public service and integrity. State judges are in most cases appointed by state governors. These governors appoint judges who agree with their positions, while voters select governors who support their positions. There are two types of state judge’s appointment, i.e. gubernatorial appointment and legislative appointments (Maxwell, Crain and Santos 286). The main reasons as to why state judges should be appointed are as follows.
Most state judges who use appointment systems are appointed according to their integrity, experience and academic qualification unlike the elected state judges who may lack the necessary qualifications but be elected on basis of their political popularity. In most cases, appointed judges serve for a long time unlike the elected ones and this increases secrecy, competence and consistency in the judiciary. Mostly where state judges are elected, there are higher chances of negative campaigning and publicized disagreements over important issues getting into the judicial election process, especially where a candidate runs as a member of a well known political party. Judges who are influenced by campaign contributions are in most times unable to resist problems faced through associations and friendships that are brought forth in court (Oakley and Amar 48). This is unlikely to happen when appointment process is used. Appointment of state law judges ensures there is gender equality and increases chances of women representatives in the judiciary, especially where the court is already male dominated. In gubernatorial appointment, most people feel the selection mechanism is necessary for the promotion of judicial independence. In appointment system, judges are protected from the threat of removal that would result from an election. In addition, appointed judges have no worries about voters’ approval of their decision-making.
It is therefore important to employ the appointment method during selection process of state judges. This is because the appointment process is reliable, efficient and it guarantees secrecy and competence in the judiciary. However, it is necessary for any government to put in check the judges to be answerable to governors and citizens at large (Neubauer and Meinhold 87). This in return will reduce engagement of their personal affairs in the judiciary and political interference, thus increasing their performance and competency.
References
Maxwell, William Earl, Earnest Crain and Adolfo Santos. Texas Politics Today: 2011-2012 Edition. Michigan: Cengage Learning, 2011.
Neubauer, David W. and Stephen S. Meinhold. Judicial Process: Law, Courts, and Politics in the United States. Michigan: Cengage Learning, 2012.
Oakley, John Bilyeu and Vikram D. Amar. American Civil Procedure: A Guide to Civil Adjudication in Us Courts. Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2009.
United States Institute of Peace. United States Institute of Peace in Brief. Michigan: University of Michigan, 1989.
Applying Economics to Current Issues
Applying Economics to Current Issues
Name
Professor
Institution
Course
Date
Applying Economics to Current Issues
Part A Economic Systems and Government policy
Q# 1. Choose a recent example of a Government policy measure that has been introduced to influence the market’s outcome to the fundamental economic question: What to produce?
The law of demand and supply for a particular products has been inlay in almost all government activities, some of the main issues include the fact that the government relies on the market forces in determining what to produce and how much to produce. Fiscal policies and taxation are the main policy measures that the government uses to determine what to produce. The taxation policy is meant to reduce the level of reliance on gas and petrol. The government is concerned about the green house effect and has increased its taxation on oil and gas. The main problem that the government experienced while using this policy included the resistance from special interest parties and pressure from the OPEC.Q# 2. Choose a recent example of a Government policy measure that has been introduced to influence the market’s outcome to the fundamental economic question: How to produce?Explain the policy measure, and what it was intended to achieve. Comment on any problems that may arise.
The policy measures that the government uses to determine how to produce is the redistribution policy in which the government determines what how to produce with the public interest at heart. The US government uses the redistribution policy to determine which area is fit for producing a particular product. And which method is fit for this work. The government always relies on reviving industries to provide create employment tom its citizens. For example the federal government intervened when the three main out-manufacturers in the country needed bailout. General Motors, Ford and Chrysler have all been having financial problems and the employees were laid out to cut production cost. However, as time passed by, the government had to intervene by giving out load with some companies paying back .some paying and some plunging deep into debt. The federal government has however, failed to realize the amount as it is counting its bailout losses.
Part B Economic Analysis of Contemporary Events.
Oil and gas prices are the main news item that captured the headlines of newspapers and media in the last three years. This was caused by the escalating prices which have been on the increase for a number of reasons. However, the bottom line for news items was that the escalating prices of oil and gas was due to the environmental and economic factors which can only be related to the forces of demand and supply of oil and gas. It is also important to note that the prices of oil and gas have also defied most of the economic projections made by economic analysts.
Boardman, David & David, (1996) argue that some of the main projection about the 2012 is that the general demand for oil in the US will drop; this is based on the weakening economy. The EIA estimates that the volume of crude oil demanded will fall after the strong dollar value in the past two quarters; this is also assumed to affect the general rate of consumption of oil in the country. The modest economic growth projected by (Foster, 2000), the total demand for oil and gas in the US is likely to fall below a certain level upon which the country. These fall in demand s due to the increasing unemployment and the slow inflation that has been lurking over the past few months. With the rate of unemployment in the country, most households are cutting on their general expenses; this makes using family cars a luxury thereby reducing the demand for oil and gas.
The key influencers of the economic condition are likely to change in the final quarter of the year 2012 based on the data provided in the table 1. The demand for gas in the US is as shown in the table below:
Buyer Demand per Consumer
Price per liter Quantity (liters) demanded per week
$3.00 50
$2.75 60
$2.50 75
$2.25 95
$2.00 120
The schedule shows the correlation between the prices of gas in the country and the relative change in the quantity of gas demanded by an average family in the US. When the price of oil and gas in the US was low, the quantity of gas and oil demanded was very high; however, the sudden increase in the price of oil and gas in the country resulted into a decrease in the volume of oil and gas that the country uses. Government increased the price of oil and gas before that market forces came into play by increase the tax paid on oil and gas product, making oil and gas very expensive. The inverse relationship between the price of oil and demand for the same goods is the fundamental law behind oil and gas prices in the country (Foster, 2000).
The Law of Supply
The supply of good and service determines the price of the same good, for example, when the price of gas increased, the suppliers increased the volume the volume of oil and gas that they produced based on the various efficiency issues. However, these same metrics are also at play, when the government intervened. For example, when the suppliers were many, the price charged on oil and gas was very low, however, as the demand increased the prices of the oil and gas increased which then forced some household to stop using oil and gas products,.
Gas Supply per Consumer
Price per liter Quantity (liters) supplied per week
$1.20 50
$1.30 60
$1.50 75
$1.75 95
$2.15 120
The data shown in the table above have been used to develop, the supply curve shown bellow.
.
These two forces lead to the formation of an equilibrium price at which the prices of oil and gas is agreeable to both the suppliers and the customers. At this market equilibrium, the consumers are willing to pay for what the producers and the government charge to the gas and oil
These changes are likely to affect the general consumption of oil and gas, but the fact still remains that the producers and the customers are in charge of the market. The government intervention to reduce reliance on oil and gas is effective as the number of oil and gas consumers decreased remarkably. The market equilibrium price is $1.50, with a supply of 75 liters per consumer per week (Dahl, 2010).
Changes in Demand and Supply
According to Thurman, (2009), a number of changes in the volume and prices of the oil and gas demanded and supplied by the companies can occur, when this occur, the government will have to intervene. However, a number of forces are still at play, causing shifts in the curves as well as movements along the curves. The shift in the demand curves is caused by changes in the Consumer income, Consumer preference Price and availability of substitute goods as well as the population. These forces are
.
Quantity (liters)per week
Price per liter Demand 1 Demand 2
$2.00 50 30
$1.75 60 40
$1.50 75 55
$1.25 95 75
$1.00 120 100
You can see this in the graph in figure 4, below. At each price point, the total demand is less, and the demand curve shifts.
On the other hand, when the demand shifted, the equilibrium prices also shifted.
Demand 2 Demand 1 Supply
Quantity (liters)per week Price per liter Quantity (liters)per week Price per liter Quantity (liters) per week Price per liter
30 $2.00 50 $2.00 50 $1.20
40 $1.75 60 $1.75 60 $1.30
55 $1.50 75 $1.50 75 $1.50
75 $1.25 95 $1.25 95 $1.75
100 $1.00 120 $1.00 120 $2.15
These are some of the key issues in the oil industry, it is also important to understand that any change in the prices of oil and gas in the US reverberates to the whole world.
Conclusion
The price increase in oil and gas increased the price of most of the things in the world, leading to inflation. Additionally, if the US does not implement proper fiscal measures to check on the escalating prices, the rate of inflation would increase and major trading blocs would break leading to more economic problem. It is therefore important for the fed to develop and implement policies that would help in minimizing the general impact of the oil crisis, by initiating measures geared at reducing the overdependence on oil and gas product. An alternative source of energy can be the only solution; however this new source should also be environmentally friendly.
References
Boardman, E., David H. & David W., (1996). Cost-Benefit Analysis Concepts and Practice. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Dahl, C., (2010). “Review and Critique of Elasticities Used in the World Energy Projections plus Model.”U.S Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, Office of Integrated Forecasting and Analysis. Washington D.C.February 1, 2010.
Foster,G., (2000). Petroleum Supply and Demand Elasticity Estimates.Presented to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service inpartial fulfillment of Contract No. 1435-01-99-CT-30996
Thurman, N. (2009). “AppliedGeneralEquilibrium Welfare Analysis.”American Journal of Agricultural Economics 73(5).