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Applications of Nanotechnology
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Introduction
The importance of nursing as a profession cannot be gainsaid as far as enhancing the quality of services provided in healthcare institutions is concerned. Underlining the fundamental roles that they play in the healthcare sector is the fact that they communicate with the clients, other healthcare professionals, support persons, as well as individuals in the community. Their work is spread out across being caregivers, teachers, communicators, client advocates, counselors, managers, leaders, and even case managers. Like every other profession, nursing has underlined the importance of incorporating technology in the conduction of the varied activities. It goes without saying that technology goes a long way in enhancing the quality and efficiency of services in the healthcare industry (Ball and Kathryn 41). Varied forms of technological advancements have been crafted in the recent times, with nanotechnology coming as one of the most promising one.
Nanotechnology and nanoscience refers to the study, as well as application of extremely small things that may be used in other science fields such as biology, engineering, material science, physics and chemistry. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines nanotechnology as a science that deals with the manipulation of materials on a molecular and atomic scale in an effort to build microscopic devices such as robots. Its application revolves around the capacity to see, as well as control these individual atoms and molecules so as to achieve a certain objective. Nanotechnology comes as a rapidly advancing area of science, with development being seen in an array of sectors (Allhoff and Patrick 43). The utility of the nanotechnology resides in the extremely small nature of the nanoparticles, which allows for enhanced interaction with other substances at the subatomic and atomic levels. These particles do not behave like liquids, gases or solids, and they come with distinctive electronic and mechanical properties (Ball and Kathryn 43). Nanotechnology has gained widespread application in the form of nanorobots (molecular robots) that can be implanted in the human body so as to monitor and alter physiological functions, drug delivery, disease alterations, enhancing cellular repair, as well as counteracting the process of aging, among other uses.
One of the most fundamental applications of nanotechnology is in the treatment of cancer. Currently, there are more than 20 nanotechnology drugs that are in clinical trials for varied types of cancers that range from blood cancers to solid tumors. Varied nanomaterials have gained immense use in medicine. These include nanoshells, which incorporate a core of silica, as well as a metallic outer layer, and have the capacity to be decorated using molecular probes for cancer-related compounds (Allhoff and Patrick 45). Nanoparticles are used in targeting tumor and other cells for treatment and imaging, while quantam dots are nanoparticles that are created from semiconductor materials that have the capacity to be connected to antibodies or other molecules that have the capacity to bind to a target (Murray 38). Fullerenes have the exceptional strength and distinctive thermal and electrical properties, while nanowires have diameters in the nanometer range, which have been valued for their electronic and structural properties. Other nanomaterials used in medicine may include dendrimers, liposomes and micelles.
Nanotechnology has been seen as extremely useful thanks to the complexity of cancer. It is worth noting that cancerous tumors are heterogeneous and are persistently changing with time. The technology has the capacity to enhance precision and control. Scholars have also noted that nanotechnology has the capacity to enhance the diagnosis monitoring of cancer through enabling high-throughput detection pertaining to complex molecular signatures, as well as enhancing the contrast of imaging (Allhoff and Patrick 47). Nanochips, for instance, may be used in separating proteins in the blood by charge and size, thereby fostering the identification of the molecular signature of cancers in an individual patient.
In addition, magnetic iron-based nanoparticles that have fluorescent tags may be used in imaging, where they would act as improved magnetic resonance contrast agents, thereby being used for MR-based assays (Ball and Kathryn 45). Currently, there are clinical trials on progress that use silica-gold nanoshells as real-time molecular probes in breast tissues that have the capacity to over-express HER2, the breast cancer biomarker.
In addition, nanotechnology has gained immense use in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has the potential to enhance precision pertaining to targeting the appropriate or desired cells using an anti-cancer drug, thereby reducing the undesirable side effects through the reduction of systemic spread throughout the body (Allhoff and Patrick 56). Scholars and researchers have noted that nanomedicines used in the treatment of ovarian and breast cancer encase the conventional or typical cytotoxic drug such as liposome nanoparticles and paclitaxel in albumin, thereby hindering the release of their contents until such a time when they get to the target cells, thereby reducing the destruction that such medications have on the healthy cells (Allhoff and Patrick 76). One of the key benefits pertaining to the use of nanomedicine in cancer treatment is the fact that the maximum tolerated dose for the drugs would be far much higher in instances where it is encased in a targeted nanoparticle. Studies have outlined the fact that tumor necrosis factors (TNF) can be administered safely at high doses to melanoma patients in instances where it is incorporated in gold nanoparticles. Of particular note is the fact that tumor necrosis factor has had its use limited or restricted by the toxic reactions that it elicits.
Moreover, nanotechnology has been immensely used in the prevention of cancer. It has been noted that nanotechnology would be useful in the field of cancer prevention as far as the delivery of sufficient cancer-fighting compounds to patients in instances where those patients do not have the capacity to take in that compound in sufficiently high quantities through conventional or ordinary means. This is the case for Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), for instance, which is a compound that is found in green tea that incorporates cancer-fighting activities but is extremely poor oral absorption (Ball and Kathryn 47). In addition, researchers have come up with a nanoparticle that has the capacity to deliver EGCG in high doses, with studies being conducted on an animal model pertaining to prostate cancer. It is worth noting that the nanoparticle-enclosed EGCG, in the animal model, induced programmed cell death, decreased the volume of the tumor and hindered the formation of new blood vessels (Ball and Kathryn 47). Of course, there is immense work that remains to be done in an effort to enhance the development and design of nanomedicines. Of particular importance is the improvement of the knowledge pertaining to the things that make up precancerous lesions, as well as the manner in which they populations that are at risk can be detected. These populations would, undoubtedly become candidates for studies pertaining to prevention using nanomedicines that are developed in such a way that they can lower the risk of cancer.
While nanotechnology has gained immense use in the treatment of cancer, there have been a number of safety issues. It is worth noting that the long-term toxicities pertaining to nanoparticles that are used in medical practice currently remain unknown. However, nanostructures have the capacity to enter into cells of organs and reside there for an undetermined period of time prior to relocating to other organs or even being excreted. All this time, it would have unknown effects on the organs with which it comes into contact. This underlines the importance of collaboration between the varied regulatory agencies in the United States to ensure that the effects are not detrimental to the health of individuals, as well as ensure that the risks are not higher than the benefits derived from the technology as far as the health of individuals is concerned (Murray 48). Indeed, the general public incorporates natural fears pertaining to nanotechnology, especially considering the numerous unknowns. In essence, it is imperative that the public receives more and improved education pertaining to the nature of nanotechnology, including the meaning of naotoxicity in food or the environment, versus the meaning that it carries in medicine and nursing (Murray 49). In this regard, it is imperative that there is increased knowledge pertaining to biodistribution, excretion, metabolism, as well as the degradation of nanomaterials, which would go a long way ion demystifying the new field especially in the eyes of the public. On the same note, it is imperative that studies are conducted on the nanoparticles that are not excreted or metabolized so as to determine the long-term effects that they have on the human body. In instances where tracking some nanoparticles in vivo is difficult as is currently the case, it is imperative that new techniques of tracking them is identified.
Works cited
Murray, J. Peter. Nursing Informatics 2020: Proceedings of Ni2006 Post Congress Conference. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2007. Print.
Allhoff, Fritz, and Patrick Lin. Nanotechnology & Society: Current and Emerging Ethical Issues. Dordrecht?: Springer, 2008. Print.
Ball, Marion J, and Kathryn J. Hannah. Nursing Informatics: Where Technology and Caring Meet. London: Springer, 2011. Print.
Apple turned around when Steve Jobs changed the company’s message and took some chances with the design (cha, 2017).
Apple Inc
Name
Institution
Year
Human resources
Apple turned around when Steve Jobs changed the company’s message and took some chances with the design (cha, 2017). The management at Apple has increasingly made its commitment to adding value to its production and marketing as one of the prime avenues to beating competition from close rivals. More to this is the diversity in the management approach where the staff at Apple have a high-performance value that accounts to the efficiency and quality at Apple. In addition, the company has attained the right leverage on the perceived value for market dominance that ensures steady outlet for its products (Khan etal., 2015). The creative and ingenious ways to beat competition in the market like quality has been applied at Apple through its years of operation. One of the key growth points that is well utilized by Apple is quality and customer satisfaction. Guided by its mission, Apple has strived to win the right customer loyalty that has earned it more markets across the world (cha, 2017). To add on this, Apple has capitalized on the growing middle class that has been a key source of market with many people to afford the smartphones and other gadgets sold at Apple. Through its years of innovation and research, the management at Apple has mastered the art of impressing and pleasing the customers.
Financila Resources
The financial and revenue management has been a key pillar to Apple’s strength and growth that have enabled the company stand strong in the technology field. The company has invested billions of dollars in the research and innovation that shows the capital strength at Apple (cha, 2017). In addition, the management has over the years generated enough revenue that has added to Apple’s strengths. The key to Apple’s performance and growth and stability has mainly been due to its viable sources of revenue through the huge profits gained over the years. In addition, the company has thrived over the growing U.S. and global market that keeps on growing. These factors have helped Apple make significant gains in the market and also broaden its reach to the global customers. The billions spent in research and innovation have also enabled Apple increase its competitive advantage over its rivals.
Over the years, Apple has proven to be unbeatable in inventing modern communication and computing technology that has both ushered in a new era in digital world as well as information sharing. To add on this, Apple continues to derive a good image and quality that have been the magnet to the market thus fetching millions of customers annually. Apple’s annual turron over that has been at least 25.5% has shown that the company attains a high return on its investments that mainly goes to research and marketing. These positive figures are a major boost to Apple in its bid to take over the global communication and computing market. Apple’s investment portfolio has also shown a 5.5% annual increase in its first ten years of operation that made it go deep in research and marketing.
Physical resources
Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication. The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world. Most importantly, Apple continues to spearhead its diverse operations that have largely been directed to creating both reliable and effective marketing models. The billions of dollars committed to marketing and innovation and research has paid off over the past ten years thus making Apple stand out as a leading innovation model and company. Apple as a dominant player in the tech world has earned a good reputation and increased its market share over the years (cha, 2017). Both Apple’s Products and Services businesses grew in FY 2020. Revenue for the Products business rose 3.2% to comprise about 80% of Apple’s total revenue. Among its products, iPhones comprised 50% of total revenue; Macs at 10%; iPads at 9%; and Wearables, Home and Accessories at 11%. These factors have jointly played a key role in shaping how Apple operates, interact with its customers, as well stretching its wings to the global demand. The various aspects of Apple’s performance mostly touch on the value and intensity of its strategies such as marketing and innovation research.
Intangible resources
The various reports on financial spending pointed to this matter that has remained as one of Apple’s major disasters in its growth portfolio. More so is the inclusive and diverse use of technology that is applied in the managerial operations enabling Apple to beat its rivals in market search (Khan etal., 2015). The supply chain of Apple has steadily grown and strengthened thus making the firm increase its foothold on the international market. Apple’s problems in the 90s were twofold: Its operating system was outdated and its products were expensive and uninspiring. In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication. The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world.
Inforamtion/Technoogical Resources
The firm has attained a very lucrative market that amounts to billions of dollars from its global customers. Apple’s FY2016 revenues fell by 8% that was attributed to huge spending in marketing and research. This year saw 1.7 billion dollars being diverted to marketing for foreign regions that increased Apple’s external expenditure. Additionally, 1.1 billion dollars was directed to reach and innovation thus putting the company’s revenues at strain as noted in the end year financial report speech. In his remarks, the CEO acknowledged that Apple’s decline in revenues for the year 2016 was due to its massive spending in research and innovation. The launch of the iPad was one of the greatest news made by Apple in the market where it was able to fetch good prices and revenues from the gadget. The announcement came when Apple was already facing some lawsuits over customer satisfaction and even some losses in some markets. This triggered the management to adopt a single model in market approach that was mean to build the right value and strong revenue generating model. However, things failed to turn out as projected forcing the management to look at how and where it could derive a market boost as well as sales. Most importantly, Apple continues to spearhead its diverse operations that have largely been directed to creating both reliable and effective marketing models.
Strengths and Weaknesses
In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication (Khan etal., 2015). The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world. For the past few years Apple has managed to win customer loyalty and thus increase its leverage over its rivals in the market. Apple is one of the leading technological and innovation firms across the world. The revenue margin and profit at Apple amounts to billions of dollars annually that shows the huge capacity at the company. Apple has been a key and vibrant firm that has adopted a cutting-edge technology both in production and management. The report also indicated that Apple was already undergoing rapid expansion in its operation sites that led to spending and diversion of money that would have been directed to marketing and customer satisfaction. These factors have shown that the company is increasingly becoming aware of the trends in the field of technology thus staying ahead of its rivals. As seen in its annual financial and strategic report, Apple has maintained a close relation with its past that has been the basic or foundation for its continued innovation and cutting-edge services. In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication (Khan etal., 2015). The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world.
References
Arocha, J. B. (2017). Getting to the Core: A Case Study on the Company Culture of Apple Inc.
Khan, U. A., Alam, M. N., & Alam, S. (2015). A critical analysis of internal and external environment of Apple Inc. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), 955-961.
Apple is one of the leading technological and innovation firms across the world
Apple Inc
Name
Institution
Year
Apple is one of the leading technological and innovation firms across the world. The revenue margin and profit at Apple amounts to billions of dollars annually that shows the huge capacity at the company. Apple has been a key and vibrant firm that has adopted a cutting-edge technology both in production and management. The firm has attained a very lucrative market that amounts to billions of dollars from its global customers. Apple’s FY2016 revenues fell by 8% that was attributed to huge spending in marketing and research. This year saw 1.7 billion dollars being diverted to marketing for foreign regions that increased Apple’s external expenditure. Additionally, 1.1 billion dollars was directed to reach and innovation thus putting the company’s revenues at strain as noted in the end year financial report speech. In his remarks, the CEO acknowledged that Apple’s decline in revenues for the year 2016 was due to its massive spending in research and innovation. The report also indicated that Apple was already undergoing rapid expansion in its operation sites that led to spending and diversion of money that would have been directed to marketing and customer satisfaction.
The various reports on financial spending pointed to this matter that has remained as one of Apple’s major disasters in its growth portfolio. More so is the inclusive and diverse use of technology that is applied in the managerial operations enabling Apple to beat its rivals in market search (Khan etal., 2015). The supply chain of Apple has steadily grown and strengthened thus making the firm increase its foothold on the international market. Apple’s problems in the 90s were twofold: Its operating system was outdated and its products were expensive and uninspiring. In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication. The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world. Apple turned around when Steve Jobs changed the company’s message and took some chances with the design (cha, 2017). The management at Apple has increasingly made its commitment to adding value to its production and marketing as one of the prime avenues to beating competition from close rivals.
Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication. The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world. Most importantly, Apple continues to spearhead its diverse operations that have largely been directed to creating both reliable and effective marketing models. The billions of dollars committed to marketing and innovation and research has paid off over the past ten years thus making Apple stand out as a leading innovation model and company.
Through its years of innovation and research, the management at Apple has mastered the art of impressing and pleasing the customers. In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication (Khan etal., 2015). The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world. For the past few years Apple has managed to win customer loyalty and thus increase its leverage over its rivals in the market. One of the key growth points that is well utilized by Apple is quality and customer satisfaction. Guided by its mission, Apple has strived to win the right customer loyalty that has earned it more markets across the world (cha, 2017). To add on this, Apple has capitalized on the growing middle class that has been a key source of market with many people to afford the smartphones and other gadgets sold at Apple.
The financial and revenue management has been a key pillar to Apple’s strength and growth that have enabled the company stand strong in the technology field. The company has invested billions of dollars in the research and innovation that shows the capital strength at Apple (cha, 2017). In addition, the management has over the years generated enough revenue that has added to Apple’s strengths. The key to Apple’s performance and growth and stability has mainly been due to its viable sources of revenue through the huge profits gained over the years. In addition, the company has thrived over the growing U.S. and global market that keeps on growing. These factors have helped Apple make significant gains in the market and also broaden its reach to the global customers. The billions spent in research and innovation have also enabled Apple increase its competitive advantage over its rivals. More to this is the diversity in the management approach where the staff at Apple have a high-performance value that accounts to the efficiency and quality at Apple. In addition, the company has attained the right leverage on the perceived value for market dominance that ensures steady outlet for its products (Khan etal., 2015). The creative and ingenious ways to beat competition in the market like quality has been applied at Apple through its years of operation.
These factors have shown that the company is increasingly becoming aware of the trends in the field of technology thus staying ahead of its rivals. Apple as a dominant player in the tech world has earned a good reputation and increased its market share over the years (cha, 2017). Both Apple’s Products and Services businesses grew in FY 2020. Revenue for the Products business rose 3.2% to comprise about 80% of Apple’s total revenue. Among its products, iPhones comprised 50% of total revenue; Macs at 10%; iPads at 9%; and Wearables, Home and Accessories at 11%. These factors have jointly played a key role in shaping how Apple operates, interact with its customers, as well stretching its wings to the global demand. The various aspects of Apple’s performance mostly touch on the value and intensity of its strategies such as marketing and innovation research. As seen in its annual financial and strategic report, Apple has maintained a close relation with its past that has been the basic or foundation for its continued innovation and cutting-edge services.
Over the years, Apple has proven to be unbeatable in inventing modern communication and computing technology that has both ushered in a new era in digital world as well as information sharing. To add on this, Apple continues to derive a good image and quality that have been the magnet to the market thus fetching millions of customers annually. Apple’s annual turron over that has been at least 25.5% has shown that the company attains a high return on its investments that mainly goes to research and marketing. These positive figures are a major boost to Apple in its bid to take over the global communication and computing market. Apple’s investment portfolio has also shown a 5.5% annual increase in its first ten years of operation that made it go deep in research and marketing. In line with this, Apple has been able to dominate the key areas where it mainly targets the diverse tch field like in computing and communication (Khan etal., 2015). The digital research that has been dedicated to finding the right and fast gadgets and computing has proven to be a reliable field that is growing fast across the world.
The launch of the iPad was one of the greatest news made by Apple in the market where it was able to fetch good prices and revenues from the gadget. The announcement came when Apple was already facing some lawsuits over customer satisfaction and even some losses in some markets. This triggered the management to adopt a single model in market approach that was mean to build the right value and strong revenue generating model. However, things failed to turn out as projected forcing the management to look at how and where it could derive a market boost as well as sales. Most importantly, Apple continues to spearhead its diverse operations that have largely been directed to creating both reliable and effective marketing models.
References
Arocha, J. B. (2017). Getting to the Core: A Case Study on the Company Culture of Apple Inc.
Khan, U. A., Alam, M. N., & Alam, S. (2015). A critical analysis of internal and external environment of Apple Inc. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 3(6), 955-961.