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Male and female serial killers compared
Male and female serial killers compared
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Institution
A serial killer can be defined as a person, male or female, who has committed three or more murders in duration of one month with day’s intervals and the killing intention is based mainly on psychological fulfillment. Serial killers in general have the following characteristics; they are intelligent, they do not like working in companies or organizations but prefer self employment, some may have been abandoned by their father and raised by their mothers, in most cases serial killers come from families associated with criminality and alcoholism, they are very much tempted to committing suicide and they might have been either physically, emotionally or sexually abused by others in the family in their young ages. The sense of killing is influenced by some factors which might be either biological, sociological or psychological which might be as a result of traumas like; loss of parents, marriage breakages and imprisonment with hard labor (Hickey, 2010).
Female serial killers are not as common as male counterparts although a number of murders in United States are committed by female serials. In most cases women will kill for comfort purposes, that is, in aim of acquiring money, business ownership or insurance benefits. On the other hand there are those women who kill so as to get revenge, to win love, for drug related cases, some kill due to the feeling of inadequacy and also for sexual fulfillment. In most cases female serial killers execute their actions near their dwelling places since women are not as mobile as men. Among the methods used by the female serial killers are, poisoning the victims, shooting, suffocation, drowning in water or through stabbing the victim. Female serial killers are characterized by the following: They cannot sustain a relationship or they are always away from the family. The female serials can continue with this act for long without giving up, they kill silently and with less violence and in most circumstances they kill those near them like, husband, secret lovers, children or relatives. The female serial killers have in mind the characteristics and qualities of victim to murder although in most cases they find it difficult to get those qualifications thus they end up killing other people randomly and each victim has a quality which only the killer can recognize (Holmes m $ Holmes T, 2001).
Male serial killers are different from their female counterparts in ways of murder execution, motives and characteristics. The male serial murderers’ motives to kill are related to anger, compensation, a person may be hired to kill someone else so that the victim does not testify in court, for financial gain, in need of power where the competitor is murdered in cases of politics and leadership, and finally men commit murder for the purpose of eradicating a certain group or an individual for the purpose of gaining authority over them like in case of terrorism. The victim selection of male killers is based on the physical characteristics and personal characteristics. The killer has a clear picture of the victim before starting the hunt and, as in the case of the female serial killers, many who have similar characteristics might end up being killed in the process of identifying the targeted victim. The way in which the male killers execute the action is also different from that of female although some methods like shooting and drowning are common. Other methods include neck twisting, fighting the victim to death and knocking down someone with either a vehicle or a heavy metal. Male serial killers have the tendency of secluding themselves from the society and being busy doing their own things. Most of the killers are employed, or are very rich but they are not psychologically fit. Some might be having mental problems or have anger and hatred for some people or a certain community which inspires them to act violently towards the targeted people (Holmes m $ Holmes T, 2001).
References
Hickey,W. E. (2010). Serial Murderers and Their Victims, (4th ed). Thomson/Wadsworth
Holmes, T.S., $ Holmes.T.R. (2001). Murder in America. (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc:
Library of congress cataloging-in-publication data.
Male and Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment
Male and Female Differences in Perceptions of Sexual Harassment
One of your male co-workers has a revealing photograph of a female on his desk at work. You ask him to remove the picture because it makes you feel uncomfortable. He does not remove the picture. Do you think this is a form of sexual harassment? According to Bertha Brooks, a speaker on the subject of sexual harassment, this scenario exhibits a form of sexual harassment. For many people sexual harassment implies different behaviors; there are people who believe this scenario would be far from any type of harassment.
This study investigates the different perceptions of how men and women define sexual harassment. It may be a simple look, slight touch, or a verbal comment. Whatever the situation, there will be a variance in the degrees, as to what men and women constitute as being sexual harassment. “Psychological tests on sexual harassment outline various forms of behavior ranging from quid pro quo demands for sexual services to hostile jokes and sexual innuendo” (American Psychological Association, 1981, 1991).
“Sexual joking, touching, and patting may be considered unwelcome sexual attention to some, but not others” (Gutek, Morasch, and Cohen, 1983). Women more often than men conclude that these forms of sexual harassment are serious and offending.
Is there a difference between what men perceive as sexual harassment and what women consider sexual harassment? The purpose of this study is to determine if in fact there is a difference. According to earlier research, men and women would perceive and define sexual harassment differently (Ellison v. Brady, 1989). “The findings that women define sexual harassment more broadly and inclusive than men is reliable” (Ellison v. Brady). “A significant difference between the sexes shows up both in surveys of working people and in scenario studies; fifty-nine percent of men rated sexual touching as sexual harassment whereas eighty-four percent of women” (Dunwoody-Miller and Gutek, 1985).
This study was conducted on a small northeast public college campus by four experimental psychology students. Before the actual research was done, twenty males and twenty females were pre-tested to see if the questionnaire, that was to be used for the actual research was a valid measure; one that would prove differences in perceptions between males and females beliefs on sexual harassment. After the data was collected, the researchers moved forward because they found differences between men and women. A total of one hundred subjects were then randomly chosen to participate in this study. They were given a questionnaire where they had to rate sexual harassment on a scale when given different scenarios. Previous research has uncovered gender-based differences in a variety of sexual harassment related issues. For example, “females are much more likely than males to report that they experienced some form of unwelcome sexual attention” (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1980, 1988). Moreover, females consistently define more social-sexual behaviors as sexual harassment than do males; Females believe that sexual harassment is a more frequent occurrence (Ronrod & Gutek, 1986).
The terrain of events called “sexual harassment” by some women and called “normal” or “acceptable” by men is vast. Women generally state that the subtle forms of sexual harassment are just as serious as the more extreme and obvious forms. Men and women often perceive sexual harassment situations differently (Gutek, 1985). As a result of our research the hypothesis of this study was: Men and women will not always agree on what constitutes sexual harassment. Women will perceive milder forms of harassment more than men.
Male Abuse Victims
Male Abuse Victims
Abuse is a lack of control by a person who believes they can exercise dominance though humiliating, manipulating and controlling other people to get them to fear them or respect them. There is a growing concern of increased number of male victims of domestic abuse. Depending on the nature of a relationship, men can be abused by a female or male partner. Generally, domestic abuse can be physical emotional or mental and anyone can be a victim. In India, abuse of men is mostly physical and is associated with changing gender roles and relations guided by the power (Kumar, 2012).
Abuse is not limited to certain religions, persons or groups. 33.8% of women and 20.1% of men of 1,431 conservative Christian members in 49 churches reported physical abuse by their partners in a research at the Northwest region of the United States (Drumm, Popescu & Riggs, 2009) Physical abuse is characterized by actions that may result in bodily injury or physical pain for example beating, kicking, slapping. Embarrassing, insults, intimidation, belittling, denied access to socialize with others, criticism, false accusations and lowering one’s worthiness consists of emotional and mental abuse. Sexual assault can be physical mental or emotional.
The effects of male abuse are similar to those of women. One study shows that results of Intimate partner violence (IPV) on both men and women are similar in that they are physical and psychological ( Dutton, 2006) Abused men have low self-esteem, guilt, confusion, fear, embarrassment and low confidence and for these reasons most abused men may fail to speak up. For many years, global focus has been with men who abuse women in a domestic platform but not much emphasis has been placed on the abuse of men by women or fellow men yet it warrants attention.
There is a need for the society to recognize that abuse is illegal and immoral. We blame the media and some support groups for the lack of awareness of male abuse. National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) statistic citations from 600 websites of Google omitted or misquoted facts on the number of abused men. For example, the New York Times’ article on NISVS does not indicate IPV against men (Rabin, 2011). Among 49.9% of men who sought help in DV agencies, 63.9% in DV hotlines and 42.9% online, we’re told the help is specifically for women. There are also assumptions by most criminal justice interventions and evaluations that men are more likely perpetrators of IVP (Dutton, 2007).
There is evidence that the figures for abused men are higher hostility in women have been high for the past several years. Result from a study of 457 college men and 958 college women, indicates that in the year 2006, the men abused were 35.4% as opposed to 26.0%(Cogan & Ballinger III, 2006). Another study in 2004 reported higher hostility levels towards partners in women(Cui, Lorenz, Conger, Melby & Bryant , 2005).A 2010 article reveals that the total number of deaths from domestic violence are higher in men than women when calculated from data of violent related suicides and homicides (Davis, 2010).
British Crime Survey statistics indicate that at least 400,000 men are abused annually making up a third of the domestic violence victims between 2004 and 2010. Between 2006 and 2007, 43.4% victims of partner abuse were though the figure rose to 45.5% between 2007 and 2008 in 2008 and 2009 it reduced to 37.7%. Home Office statistics show use of severe force of women to men was 48.6% in 2006 and 2007, 48.3% in 2007 and 2008 and 37.5% in 2008 and 2009. 30 to 40 percent of these domestic abuses are perpetuated by women. In the United Kingdom, the total figure of women sued for domestic abuse in 2004-05 was 1,575 but hiked to 4,266 in 2008-09 (Campbell, 2010).
In the United States, facts from the NVAW survey confirm that 40% of the IPV injuries in the past twelve months were initiated by females (Hines & Douglas, 2009).In the United Kingdom, there has been growing concern these women abusers also abuse children after statistics by NSPCC revealed that ’over 85% of women trust physical disciplining of children (Roberts, 2012). Besides this, one survey reveals that women perpetrators avoid arrests (Felson & Pare, 2007)
Another survey conducted by the University of Pennsylvania, among the men in the emergency room, thirteen percent claimed to have been abused by women in the preceding year (Angelucci).among these abuses 50% were hit with flying objects, stifled, thrust, bitten or punched (Angelucci).Another 37% were abused using a weapon while fourteen percent were critically injured and required to visit a hospital (Angelucci). In December 2011, the National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey (NISVS) reported that in 2010, among victims of physical abuse, 41.7% were men. Of the 5,356,000 men abused, 42.3% (2,266,000) were severely violated (Hoff, 2012). NISVS findings show that 4.5 million men have been wounded and among them 1.8 million needed medical attention (Hoff, 2012).
A California State University study on 1000 female college students, 30% of the women confessed to have at one time violated their male partner for either not listening, being insensitive or to gain their attention (Angelucci).In a recent Journal of Family Violence, statistics indicate a high number of incoming calls from men claiming to have been severely abused by their female partners (Angelucci). A University of Washington research established that women are twice as likely as men to commit physical domestic abuse (Angelucci). Another report by University of Florida showed that there is a higher possibility for women to abuse, stalk or attack male partners than men would (Angelucci)
A study by Midwest Children’s Resource Center of 226 girls and 64boys of St. Paul Children’s Hospital between age ten and 15 disclosed that sexual assault on boys within 72 hours was more likely than in girls (Pappas, 2011). According to an estimate, one in every six men (16%) is abused before age 16 equating to2.6 million male victims (Pappas, 2011). A study of 3600 divorced German fathers revealed that 1/3 of the men were physically abused during the divorce process and out of them, 2/3 of the abuses were started by ex-partners (Amendt, 2008)
A report in the United States concludes that in every 71 men, one has been raped at a point in his life while 22 percent of men report to have been abused sexually in other ways not rape. In addition, five percent that one in every 19 men hasbeen stalked (Hoff, 2012). Also, 20,548,000 men (18.1%) and 16,578,000 (13.9%) women were subjected to psychological hostility in the last 12 months (Hoff, 2012). In the same year, among teenager reporting PDV victimization a year before the survey, 8.9% were males and 8.8% females (Tjaden and Thoennes, 2000) In conclusion, IVP (intimate partner violence) is prevalent in both male and women. Statistics show that male abuse is greater than women abuse. There is an indication of increased female hostility toward their partners a factor that has increased the number of women perpetuating domestic violence. Every individual has a role to increase awareness of male abuse and forward cases and perpetuators to avoid eradication of the male species by women.
Reference
Amendt, G. (2008). I didn’t divorce my kids! How fathers deal with family break-ups. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag Publishers.
Angelucci, M. E. (n.d.). Male Victims of Domestic Abuse. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://divorcesupport.about.com/od/abusiverelationships/a/male_abuse.htmCampbell, D. (2010). More than 40% of domestic violence victims are male, report reveals. Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2010/sep/05/men-victims-domestic-violenceCogan, R., & Ballinger III, B. C. (2006).Alcohol Problems and the differentiation of partner, stranger, and general violence.Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 21(7) 924-935
Cui, M., Lorenz, F. O., Conger, R. D., Melby, J. N., & Bryant, C. M. (2005).Observer, Self-, and partner reports of hostile behaviors in romantic relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 67, 1169-1181
Davis, R. L. (2010). Domestic Violence-related deaths. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 2 (2), 44-52
Desmarais, S. L., Reeves, K. A., Nicholls, T. L., Telford, R. P. & Fiebert, M. S. (2012a). Prevalence of physical violence in intimate relationships. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDQQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fspringer%2Fpa%2F2012%2F00000003%2F00000002%2Fart00003&ei=KC_HUKXfJLGhiAfi8YCoBA&usg=AFQjCNHomz8hlBDY0wT5zvrlIqPDZd275gDutton, D. G. (2007).Female intimate partner violence and developmental trajectories of abusive families.International Journal of Men’s Health, 6, 54-71.
Dutton, D. G. (2006).Rethinking Domestic Violence. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Drumm, R. D., Popescu, M., & Riggs, M. L. (2009).Gender variation in partner abuse.Findings from a conservative Christian denomination. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CDMQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Faff.sagepub.com%2Fcontent%2F24%2F1%2F56.short&ei=cDDHUOiQKfCiiAfLroHIBg&usg=AFQjCNGG7a7-gy-jbNHXHeKjeFyRCTyXagFelson, R. B., & Pare, P. (2007).Does the criminal justice system treat domestic violence and sexual offenders leniently? Justice Quarterly, 24.
Kumar, A. (2012). Domestic violence against men in India: A Perspective. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22, 290-296.
Pappas,S. (2011).Male Victims of Sexual Abuse Face Unique Challenges.Retrieved December 11, 2012 from http://www.livescience.com/12909-senator-scott-brown-male-sexual-abuse-stigma.html.
Roberts, P. (2012).The day my wife beat me up because she hated my haircut.Retrieved December 11, 2012from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2091837/Male-domestic-violence-victim-The-day-wife-beat-hated-haircut.html.
Tjaden, P. G., & Thoennes, N. (2000).Full Report of Prevalence, Incidence and Consequences of Violence Against Women. Retrieved December 11, 2012, from http://www.google.co.ke/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CDcQFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncjrs.gov%2Fpdffiles%2F172837.pdf&ei=1jHHUOTYJOmfiAf9lYAQ&usg=AFQjCNEv_isT2VWFJTpNnDagdNIp3ioM7w