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Summary Paragraph
Introduction
In “Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in”. Yair Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. Yari Kaldor is a researcher who works in the department of sociology at the university of Haifa, Israel. He has a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin–Madison: Madison, Wisconsin, US. Although its writing style is convoluted, Kaldor (2022) writes an effective article because of its clearly stated main argument and sufficient evidence.
Summary Paragraph
Kaldor (2022) states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. To start, the author begins examining the relationship between economic and income from the perspective of the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class, he proposes that financialization has an impact on worker’s income because of class struggle. Then the author expands that by describing the harm of inflation to investors and financiers, the author reflects the direct relationship between financialization and class monetary inequality from the side. After that, he describes the story of Volcker as chair of the Federal Reserve, referring that the policies implemented by the state for economic situations, such as reducing inflation by lowering workers’ wages also has an impact on workers’ income. In the End, the author concludes that income inequality brought about by financialization is inextricably linked to the struggle between the working class and the capitalist class
Evaluative
Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. For instance, when the author is explaining why he uses various evidence to proof his argument in the article, he states that: “This is not meant to deny the insights provided by existing approaches, but to incorporate them within a broader perspective that can better account for the impact of financialization on the distribution of income.” (Kaldor, 2022) Evidently, the author is using complex sentences to suggest that analysis of the impact of financialization on income distribution should be observed and analyzed from a broader perspective. However, such complex sentences are too long to read, thus causing the reader to forget the main point the author was trying to emphasize. In addition, the article also highlights: “The economic recessions that followed the Volcker Shock combined with the high level of debt already carried by NFCs gave rise to the novel phenomena of concession bargaining in many U.S. industries.” (Kaldor, 2022) For this reason, this reveals that in the process of presenting evidence, the author frequently uses many professional terms and words to describe the national financialization decision impact on income, such as “NFCs”, “novel phenomena”. Moreover, these complex and unfamiliar words will drive the reader to lose interest in the article, or even make the reader give up reading. Therefore, despite the fact this article is valid, its writing style is complex, and it contains convoluted patterns and unfamiliar vocabulary.
However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor (2022) is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. In addition to this, he is able to demonstrate the fundamental distinction between his perspective on the subject, the manner in which meaning is created, and the manner in which references are drawn from study that has previously been carried out. This article makes effective use of references, which makes it simpler to read by illustrating how many subjects are related to one another and how they are distinct from one another. Kaldor (2022) makes use of references to previous research in order to assist in the construction of a comprehensive information network, a thread in which each individual piece of knowledge is linked to the next. For instance, Kaldor (2022) quotes a number of academics who state that ever since the economic crisis that occurred in 2008, there has been a greater focus placed on the connection that exists between the evolution of the financial sector and the degree of income disparity. The researchers addressed by Kaldor (2022) also demonstrate that there is a robust statistical connection between indices of financialization and measures of income inequality at various levels of analysis. This is done by comparing data from different countries.
Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Every research must be conducted as a way of identifying a research gap and then working towards covering the same gap. Identifying areas where further study is needed is a valuable strategy for accelerating the learning process in general. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study could be very satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, not to mention the fact that the results of the study might be of use to the community as a whole. According to Kaldor (2022), the number of explanations for the connection between growing income disparity and financialization is still limited, and these theories do not lay a significant focus on workers. As a consequence of this, the author takes a novel approach in the essay by investigating financialization and income inequality through the lens of how class struggle has developed in the economy of the United States over the course of its history. It demonstrates that the economic crises of the 1970s, which led to financialization, were intimately tied to the escalating labor-capital confrontations, in which the state became a more prominent battlefield (Kaldor, 2022). The article very articulately addresses this problem.
Conclusion
Kaldor discusses the association between indicators of financialization and income inequality. He states that both financialization and individual income inequality are strongly related to statistics. Although the article is effective, the author’s writing style is complicated. In more detail, the author often uses complex sentences and delicate words to modify and describe the topic. This is a huge problem because it means that the study is only suited to professionals and those that are familiar with the jargon used in the article. However, one of the most important elements about the article is how it effectively uses references and extant research on a variety of subjects and issues. The utilization of references and prior study by Kaldor is designed to assist him in making sense of the situation and gaining a better understanding of its complexities. Also, a notable element of the paper is that it clearly identifies and works toward bridging an identified research gap. Finding a hole in the existing body of knowledge and then being able to fill it through the conduct of an exhaustive and extensive study is not only satisfying for the researchers who are involved in the project, but also to the community and research body that benefits from the results of the study.
References
Kaldor, Y. (2022). Financialization and income inequality: bringing class struggle back in. Critical Sociology, 48(3), 381-396.
national association of social workers final
Introduction
Human or social services as a term has been a bit abstract and attracted a lot of misconceptions. Basically, misconceptions abide that the only individuals whose lives would be touched or affected by social services or workers are neglected or abused children and welfare recipients. As much as these are valuable and important aspects pertaining to social work, the belief is not completely true. Actually, many are the times when social workers touch each and every one of us in a different way. Social workers refer to individuals who are trained distinctively and positioned in order to address a wide range of problems and issues of varied magnitudes from individual to global. Human services or social work refers to the best efforts made to ensure that other individuals can access opportunities and resources necessary to cope with problems, vulnerabilities and needs in their lives more so when the individuals would otherwise be unable to access by themselves. In delivering these services, the social workers must apply some professionalism and operate within a code of ethics. This is where the National Association of Social Worker (NASW) comes in.
NASW is essentially a membership organization established in 1955. It set it mission as promoting, developing and protecting social work practice and the social workers. It also sought to enhance the well-being and effective functioning of communities, families and individuals via its advocacy and work. SASW was established by the merging of 7 organizations engaged in social work and makes for the largest organization in the world bringing together professional social workers.
Primarily, NASW saw a gap in the social workers’ professional development. It therefore set out to promote this as well as create and maintain professional practice standards, promote proper social policies and offer services that would product the social workers while enhancing the status professionally. This they did through coming up with and adopting a Code of ethics as well as other specialized and generalized practice standards. It is also on this basis that the organization has promoted quality assurance and certification through its various constituent groups such as ACSW, DCSW, PACE and ELAN. It also produces journals and sponsors ongoing education programs and professional conferences through its varied chapters both in United States and abroad.
While the NASW uses memoranda of associations and collaborates with other organizations o promote its goals, it is important to acknowledge that more needs to be done as especially in the recruitment arena. Accrediting social workers and promoting their professionalism would only be possible if the efforts are concentrated right from the recruitment process. This would definitely demand looking at particular traits in the individuals including showing patience, caring and understanding as one deal with other individuals. Other crucial personal traits would include being responsible, effective time management and strong communication skills.
Burger & Youkeles’s state that it is the preparation and training of an individual worker in a particular framework that would be modified as a function of a particular client served, organization work level and the work setting. They underline the key general knowledge, attitudes and skills that would be required for all social service work.
According to Burger & Youkeles it would be important that the nature of the human systems be understood. These in clued the organization, group, community, society and individual. In this case, the workers would have to be prepared in such a way as to help them understand group dynamics, human development, community of organization, setting of national policy and the interaction of social systems to produce human problems. In addition, there would be a need to understand the particular conditions that limit or promote maximum functioning and deviations classes from the required functioning in key human systems. The worker would understand the causation models that pertain to enhancing treatment rehabilitation and healthy functioning. This includes socially, medically, educationally and psychologically-behavioral oriented models. These definitely differ with the strategies offered by the organization more so since Burger & Youkeles advocate for taking precautions beforehand through the correct recruitment while the organization is about accrediting and informing through journals and conferences.
While I may agree with the NASW on the establishment of a code of ethics to gain in order to set the boundaries of the members on their dealings with other people, it is important to acknowledge that more needs to be done more so on the area of getting the right people to do the job. Only then would the code of ethics, the journals and seminars be effective in allowing for professionalism in the provision of social services. I actually would agree with Burger & Youkeles’s on the recruitment and the criteria and the particular aspects to look into when selecting individuals for social work all in an effort to promote professionalism in the provision of services. I would suggest however that the individuals in social work incorporate skills not only in planning abut also executing as well as evaluating interventions. This enables them to design plans of action to mitigate particular problems and execute plans systematically.
Conclusion
The provision of social services definitely necessitates a certain level of professionalism and more so operating within particular frameworks. In this case therefore, the NASW code of ethics would be very effective in enhancing professionalism of the social workers while also placing them at a better position to be treated better. However, this has to be tackled in line with proper recruitment of the social workers.
References
http://www.nationalhumanservices.org/what-is-human-serviceshttp://www.socialworkers.org/nasw/annualReport2003/letter.asphttp://www.socialworkers.org/nasw/history.asp
Trauma its Causes and Nature
Introduction
Homes that have addiction cases are often painful to live in, which is why the family members are often left traumatized through experience by various degrees. Broad shifts, from one side of the psychological, behavioral, and emotional spectrum to the other, all too often signify an addicted family structure. Family members living with addicts are often put under unusual stress. It affects normal routines by undergoing frightening or unexpected experiences that are part of living with addiction. What is often communicated mostly does not relate with what is felt or seen in front of the eyes or beneath the surface by the family members.
The family members, as well as drug users, may manipulate, bend, and deny reality as they try to maintain family order that they sense is slipping away. The whole system becomes engulfed by the problem that is gradually getting out of hand. Big issues are minimized while little things are maximized as pain is sidelined. This essay will mostly centralize on trauma as one of the factors that promote addiction within families. It looks at the causes and general nature of trauma, a particular type of trauma, its mitigation modes, and possible causes. Attempts will be enacted to analyze some of the practical and theoretical ways of trauma treatment. Reliable spiritual and academic sources will be used throughout the article to support the analysis.
Trauma: its Causes and Nature
Living in this type of intense emotional atmosphere during the early childhood period can set up feelings of fear or those of attachment that are filled with ambivalence and anxiety. Children of drug peddlers or alcoholics during their youthful years may be over by powerful feelings that they lack the sophistication development and family support to understand and balance their predicaments. Due to this they may end up increasing their defense, such as denying there is a problem, shutting down their feelings, over controlling, rationalization, self-medication, and withdrawal symptoms as a way of controlling the inner turmoil they feel. These phenomenal developments make people face life resulting to trauma and depression.
When drugs or alcohol is introduced into the family structure, the ability of the family to control its behavioral and emotional functioning is significantly changed. The disease can subsume the family members to such an extent that they lose their normalcy senses. Their life centers on lies, preventing the truth from their children, themselves, and their false world. Faith and trust in a predictable and orderly world can be disputed as their family life becomes chaotic, their friends and family depended upon become untrustworthy, and promises are broken.
Both adults and children in this family may lose their sense of what or who they can rely on. Since the disease is advancing, members of the family quickly settle into routines of communication that progressively become dysfunctional. Such families often leave the children to fend for themselves, the members may compete for the little attention and love or retreat into their own world. Since there are no reliable adults, children may take up the parental role and attempt to provide the comfort and care that is missing for each other. Often the trauma refers to the persistent or continual negative effects of experiencing extremely distressful actions. These adverse effects include; psychiatric disorders, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, distrust and resentment that are personal psychological orders (Allen, 2001).
Happenings that are traumatic objectively may be events such as experiencing a near death event like being in an accident or feel helpless while about to die. The painful experiences do not only come because of the disaster. Undergoing these disturbing events in life could result in a person exhibiting symptoms of trauma (Allen, 2005; Pearlman et al., 1995).
Socially factors that can cause trauma include political/ war violence; which is prolonged, severe, unpredictable or repeated. In addition seeing, events that are life-threatening or executing violent actions towards others can be disturbing violation of human rights example in severe cases as torture, kidnapping, rape, or criminal violence; which are the biggest (PSTD) Posttraumatic Disorders contributors. In marriages, the most significant causes of trauma include domestic violence; kicking, slapping, beating, sexual abuse and rape.
One’s emotions can be greatly affected by trauma. Naturally, avoiding emotional distress is possible, but it can malfunction, but blocking emotions can be sidelined by intense internal emotional disruptions. Therefore, it is advisable to nature one’s feelings and develop them effectively and control them before they get uncontrollable. Sentiments such as panic, anxiety, and fear play an important aspect in trauma. Nurturing awareness of these feelings allows one to implement defense structures before they get uncontrollable (Allen, 2005; Fahrion 1990). Since every person has a deferent reaction to the situation, it is important to know the signs associated with trauma. It can fuel or stir up feelings such as fear, anger denial, or guilt. On other occasions, it can have destructive results in life such as having compulsive or obsessive behavior, withdrawal symptoms, and drug abuse.
It can be easy to recognize a traumatized person if you are aware of the symptoms. Often, these are categorized into cognitive, physical, and behavioral responses or symptoms (Heraman, 1992; McMahon). The physical symptoms include fatigue, pain, aches, heightened or lessened appetite, low energy, or lack of sleep. Whether a person has physical injuries or not these signs will are seen. Emotional signs of trauma include fear, depression, shock, anxiety, grief, disbelief, sadness, and guilt. These reactions make the patient stunned. In the aftermath of emotional trauma, stress may change how a person relates and communicates with others. The person may realize late that they are withdrawn or isolated from others, they are easily frightened by the slightest noise, increase drug abuse, be disrespectful or distrusting to others.
A person thought pattern may change after a traumatic experience. Cognitive signs seen include; confusion, decreased concentration, forgetfulness, lowered alertness and difficulty in decision-making. These reactions may happen after hours or immediately after the occurrence. It might take a duration maybe years to fully recover from a disturbing event and be normal.
Psychological Trauma
So far, the article has demonstrated that trauma is the result of a tremendously stressful event and occurrence that leaves the person with unbearable haunting reflections. Trauma makes you feel helpless, lonely and deprives your emotions of security and safety. Any event or action that may not cause actual physical injury but leaves you mentally affected is traumatic. Life dissatisfactions; as a result of death, midlife crisis or any other event are all factors that directly can lead to psychological trauma. In 2008 wellbeing Bolton of the wellbeing clinic categorized trauma into six main groups, namely blunt force trauma, physical trauma, psychological trauma, penetrating trauma, childhood trauma, and post- cult trauma. The nature and designs of psychological trauma will be the focus of this article.
Extremely stressful adverse events and happenings that leave the individual lonely, insecure, and helpless are the main causes of psychological trauma. This makes you feel helpless in a defenseless world. If this condition continues, you are probably going to change your behavior, for example, start isolating friends, engage in drug abuse, and become hateful among others. Traumatic experiences commonly involve a threat to the safety, life and security, but any occurrence that is probably going to make you feel alone, and overwhelmed is traumatic even if it there is no evident physical injury. It is not the events objective aspect that determines whether it is traumatic or not but the emotional, subjective experiences of the events.
The more helpless and insecure you feel, the higher the probability that you will be affected. Stressful events will be traumatic if it happens suddenly since you are unprepared for it, you cannot prevent it, perhaps it happened frequently, in childhood or instigated intentionally. Single incidence can also cause psychological trauma, relentless stress, horrible accidents, ailments, natural disaster or broken relationships can instigate psychological and emotional trauma. In accordance with the person, not all traumatic events lead to an extended psychological trauma.
Even from some of the most traumatic experiences some people recover quickly. Experience overwhelms others that on the surface may seem less traumatic (Blackeney & Creson, 2010). Negative experiences are likely to traumatize a person if they are under other stress factors. Analysis also points out that people who have undergone traumatic experiences initial example while young are more open to new attacks. Some of the sign of psychological trauma are mood swings, anger, blame, feeling disconnected, sadness and many others.
Psychologists and researchers also argue that traumatic experiences while young are more likely to have long lasting impacts that extend to adulthood. Children affected while young see the world as dangerous, unfriendly, and scary (Eth, 1994; Terr, 1991). If such situations are not fixed, it multiplies and transits into adulthood setting the conditions for possible future shock. This can fasten the family and addiction experience. Sexual assaults, separation from parent, neglect, or bullying are some of the possible psychological trauma contributors.
Psychological trauma signs may wither away within months or days after the event. It is possible to feel emotions triggered by an image, sound, anniversary, or problems of painful memories or situations that remind them of the unfortunate experience. Weeping is the most natural and common way people react to traumatic experiences. Survivors are encouraged to go through the process of grieving with others for sharing experiences and comfort.
(PTSD) Post-traumatic stress disorder
Post-traumatic stress disorder is considered as a primary type of emotional and psychological trauma. It develops after the unfortunate experience. The peak of the PTSD is undergoing the same adverse event in reminder response of the event. Symptoms of PTSD include nightmares, flashbacks, and memories. Recalling things that can instigate feeling of fear, helplessness, and insecurity can cause unbearable and intense reactions (Rose, 1993; Wellbeing, 2008). Knowing how to distinct the current from the past is a major issue in handling trauma.
Factors to consider while coping with trauma
Through the experiences, people instill meaning into their lives they instill and experience their life choices through these stories. They tell and make about themselves. The life story is not just a platform for telling oneself or others about life, but an avenue by which a person’s identity shapes (Giddens, 1991). The design of one’s story is structured by several factors that may be psychological example their culture, values, personality, norms or situation. Therefore, to effective cope these cognitive factors should be considered. The ability to retain stability and consistency at a particular trauma level and ordinary level of life is thought as a better sign of recovery (Bruner, 1990; Wigren, 1994). This capability should project itself and be evident to the survivors re-telling their ordeal.
Constructing a meaning of life is also another important aspect in mitigating trauma. Coping process effectively incorporates a profound search for meaning of life on the survivor’s side. Questions like; what have I achieved? why now? What needs to be accomplished now? What have I learnt through these events? Are examples of a survivor’s strategies to get meaning to their life (Crossley, 2000; Frankl, 1984). Self-evaluation is also another suggested means of mitigating trauma. Divergent modes of self-assessment associated with the trauma event are an effective means of effectively coping or maintaining a sense of self-control. Feeling active, guilty, responsible or passive are some of the factors that can happen when coping begins (Steptoe, 2000).
Spiritual leaders and psychologists suggest that one should implement one or more of these methods of handling trauma. These include; regular exercise, taking care of the body regardless of physical harm or not, getting enough good sleep. Physical actions like running or jogging can help lift one’s spirits and reduce stress. Restructure of the support system by making connections with others and sharing the experiences. Telling others about it helps you understand the aspects of your emotions that need immediate change. Keeping the usual routine, do not withdraw or isolate yourself from the normal activities work, socialize and exercise frequently. This will help in re-setting your usual sense of order and routine in your life.
Have fun; enjoy yourself through spontaneous and creative functions such as painting, cooking, singing, or gardening will help restore happiness into your life. Getting support and help; it is advisable to seek aid from a professional, may be a counselor, psychiatrist or church pastor or any person in a position to offer some assistance. Players and meditation; is also recommended by the spiritual leaders such as priests and pastors. Seeking spiritual answers can help you find and understand your questions and life better.
Avoid drugs; under situations that are stressful, an individual can get involve with drug abuse, example illegal drugs and excess alcohol. It may be appealing and attractive to take drugs that can interrupt your capacity to manage. They can possible help you delay the trauma. Relaxing; taking some time off from your activities, taking a soothing and warm bath, walking around the park, clear your moods and thoughts or listening to music. Spending quality time with loved ones; take a meal with friends, play with children, those social communications inject new energy and perspective back into your life. Humor and laughter can take out fear, maintain a feeling of relaxation, and restore a peaceful mindset. Regardless of whether it is a trauma or a midlife crisis, these events can help you set and re-analyze life.
Practical and Spiritual Approaches of Treating Trauma
Trauma as already shown involves both emotional and psychological changes. An effective means of trauma treatment is one that can treat restore the meaning of life and peace of mind to the survivor. Both practical and spiritual approaches in treating trauma are encouraged. Members are encouraged by the religious leaders to take trauma and depression seriously. They guarantee us that with prayers, anything can be achieved, but additional attention may be needed for trauma. Trauma in Christianity is believed to be induced spiritually by feeling guilty of wronging or hurting others, or a sense of having lived out of what God required of us can instigate a traumatic experience. Fear of dying can also cause trauma.
In such situations spiritual things, prayer and meditation can bring up bring about a sense of wellness and in mitigating the shock. We are encouraged spiritually to accept frustration and discouragement, not to get defeated. As temptations and problems come when we are at our lowest point, when in despair and believe there is no way out, we are encouraged to believe in a higher power. Another way to get out of trauma and depression spiritually is through confessions. Spiritual mitigation of trauma and depression has a lot of justification, but in this territory, leaders encourage their followers to view life in a more practical and use experts for sorting the issues.
Options of Trauma Treatment
It is advisable to tackle the massive memory related issues that have been pending to mitigate the dangerous effects of trauma. Treatment of trauma relieves troubled thoughts and emotions that weigh heavily on your mind. It is a nicer option and good decision to heal trauma. Sometimes it is re-traumatizing to treat the condition. Conditions that demand seeking a professional include; when having difficulty forming and sustaining credible relationships, when having problems functioning, avoiding things that can remind you of the trauma, when experiencing depression, dissatisfaction, and anxiety.
Choosing a specialist that you are comfortable with goes a long way on the treatment success. Healing and treating trauma should include; processing trauma-related memories and feelings, regulating and effective learning strong feelings, re-building and developing the confidence to believe in others and to release all that stored energy effectively.
Treatment Approaches; Trauma Therapy
In mitigation of emotional and psychological trauma the below approaches are implemented (Pearlman et al., 1995; Allen, 2005).
Many of the people-undergoing traumas implement somatic experiencing that uses the ability of the body to self-heal. Body sensation is the focus of this therapy as compared to thoughts or memories that instigated the issues this aids you release trauma, concentrate on your body, and release the trauma pent up tensions and energy. A strategy of natural survival effectively releases and takes over the stored energy.
A combination of behavioral and cognitive therapy through the implementation of (EMDR) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing helps mitigate the trauma. Focus is on memories and traumatic emotions while following using your eyes to follow the therapist’s finger. Negative emotions and memories are believed to be freed through the finger movements and consecutively giving the patient a chance to handle them. CBT or (Cognitive-Behavior therapy) is designed to help you process and evaluate your thoughts and feelings. The psychological impacts may not be sorted through CBT, but it can help when incorporated with other body therapies like EMDR.
Conclusion
The scope of trauma studies is quite extensive; there may be divergent ways of viewing what cause the issues, effective ways of handling it, its categorization, best ways to cope with it and possible practical and spiritual ways of effectively coping and treating it. This analysis has suggested a combination of both practical and spiritual resources that give us a guide on how to treat, cope, and understand the trauma. It has offered a familiar as well as a strategic way of handling the issues. Regardless of the trauma cases, the above information can apply in all cases.