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Discourse Community
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Discourse Community
Part 1
A discourse community is referred to as a group of people communicating with one another, and they tend to have some common goals as well as attitudes. This group of individuals operates in forums whereby the community associates can contribute to the discussions in an ideal manner, and this is due to their flexible and intangible nature. The discourse communities create the kind of writings plus readings that typically get individuals forward and thus this makes them become influential literacy instigators, principally concerning the adult literacy growth (Swales and John, p.215). According to Swales, this group of individuals is sociohistorical as they use the linguistic to get things done in the world and therefore to increase further their powers. Also, this implies that the shared vocabulary of a group besides their writing techniques are not just the only means of socializing with each other, and instead they exist as the ways through which they can realize their group goalmouths or purpose.
Therefore to help the group in the realization of their goals plus mission, the members are obliged to learn the ideal vocabulary and also the group genres, or they will have a higher risk of being eliminated from the group. A discourse community exploits and also enjoys one or several genres in the unrestrained persistence of its goals. Therefore it is good to note that the genres express the processes of this group of people. Some of the examples of genres include the personal narratives and emails among many others.
I happened to interview some members of a discourse community with the aim of getting to know their mode of living and the activities which they usually conduct. The interview objective was to collect data of the discourse community ethnography. The interview process comprised of the following questions:
Tell me something about your group?
Why did you join the group?
What are your group’s purposes?
What do you typically do to achieve those goals?
Are all the members of the group supportive?
Are you regarded as a novice or an expert in the group?
How does your group intercommunicate?
Part 2
Discourse Community Analysis
A discourse community tends to have a broad approved set of collective public goals
This notion is easy to conceptualize. For example, a group of pilots has some goalmouths; that is to transport passengers from one locality to another safely. Also, a group of tutors have their goals of teaching the scholars and thus assisting them to progress in life (Swales and John p.13).
The group has some ways of intercommunication between their associates.
The group’s participating methods will differ regarding the community: gatherings, telecommunications, emails, news sheets, conversations among others. Therefore every kind of intercommunication that facilitates the communication of more than one individuals typically fits in this category.
The group applies its participating mechanisms predominantly to offer information plus feedback
In this category, membership entails acceptance of the informational prospects. The tools used in intercommunication are also used in this category. For instance, a blog is typically used for providing feedback, and even emails are used in the meetings to convey information and to offer some feedback.
The group employs and henceforth retains one or other genres in the communicative maintenance of its goals.
The group has established, and it endures to develop discourse prospects. The process may involve the appropriate level of topics, function plus the setting of discourse elements, the form as well as the roles that the writings play in the process of the discourse community.
The group has developed some precise lexis in addition to possessing genres
It refers to the jargon that tends to be definite to a particular community, and however, it is prerequisite by the community members for intercommunication. For instance, the artists have specific lexis that is typically used to elucidate tools, methods and also the mediums. Thus each community possesses its lexis.
The group preserves a verge level of associates with an appropriate degree of significant content and discourse knowledge.
It is vivid that discourse communities have a diverse membership. The members frequently join as novices, and they usually leave by demise or in less instinctive methods. Conversely, the community survivability typically depends on a reasonable ratio amongst the beginners as well as the experts.
Analyzing Data and Results
Anne Johns clarifies in “Discourse communities and Communities of Practice” that a discourse community comprises of any group of individuals that share same ideas, and it does not exist as an elite group of individuals, and thus it is also influenced by the immediate environment. Moreover, in “Identity, Authority, and learning to write in New Workplaces,” by Elizabeth Wardle, she suggests that every individual typically takes a lot or fewer effort to fit into a different discourse community like in the workplace.
According to John Swales, conflict is an instrument of intercommunication that is applied by a particular discourse community in expectations of finding for an improved alternative (Greer and Scott, p.31). For instance, conflicts arise like on a daily basis in the Congress, but in the end, they are meant for the advantage of the American citizens. Therefore this is a vivid description that there exist conflicts within the discourse community. Most of the conflicts are experienced in the society due to some reasons for example when individuals are excluded from the discourse communities due to lack of social status, money or talent as they live in the wrong regions of the towns for example. In some other instances, it requires a long initiatory process for obtaining the discourse community membership where in some cases there exists even no assurance of success (Greer and Scott, p26). Those who are wishing to join these communities typically applies several techniques for example by use of the modes of belonging, for example, alignment and engagement. Authority in the discourse communities usually comes from powerful individuals who happen to have a high social class in society.
Works Cited
Greer, Scott. The concept of community: Readings with interpretations. Routledge, 2017.
Johnstone, Barbara. Discourse analysis. Vol. 3. John Wiley & Sons, 2018.
Swales, John M. “Reflections on the concept of discourse community.” ASp. la revue du GERAS 69 (2016): 7-19.
Swales, John. “The concept of discourse community.” Wardle and Downs (2014): 215-28.
Culture And Diversity
Culture And Diversity
Culture is characteristic of a group of people that is defined by the people’s language, food, music, arts, language, religion and social habits. It therefore refers to cumulative knowledge, beliefs, values, experience hierarchies, roles, spatial relations, material objects and concepts of the universe that are acquired by a group of people occurring in generations and passed through people in a group. This is basically the way of life of a group of people that are passed on from a generation to the next by communication. This is a symbolic way of communication due to its components such as values, motives attitudes and so on (Zimmermann, 2012).Cultural diversity refers to the existence of diversity or difference in cultures rather than monoculture. It can also sometimes used to refer to variety of human societies or the cultures that are in existent in a particular region or the entire world. The basis of cultural diversity is that cultural identities ought not to be ignored or done away with rather they should be maintained and valued. Every culture contributes to the country in its own way .cultural diversity has been the contributing factor to social, economic as well as the cultural values found in societies.
The public sector is a part of the state that focuses on producing, owning, selling, providing, or the ultimate allocating of gods and services by the government or citizens on a local, regional or national level. The public sector forms part of the economy that has its main concern in provision of basic services. In most countries the public sector includes services like public roads, military, the police, education and healthcare .some of this services are aimed for the poor who cannot afford private services like education and healthcare. The public sector also provides services that a non-payer can not exclude themselves from Like Street lighting, and services that are beneficial to the entire society and not just an individual. Gender is physical, behavioral, and mental characteristics that are used to form distinction between femininity and masculinity. The term gender is used when referring to roles that have been socially constructed, activities or behaviors that are considered appropriate for women or men in a particular society.
All this are aspects of the society and are connected in one way or another. Culture and cultural diversity for instance clearly intersect. Culture does not just intersect with diversity it actually is a determining factor of diversity. Without culture then there would not be any diversity that exists. The existence of many cultures such as the western culture, Eastern culture, African culture, and Asian culture .all these cultures provide a platform for the existence of diversity. Culture forms a strong part of the lives’ of people. Their views, values, loyalties, worries and fears are also under the influence of culture and therefore the existence of cultural diversity is important aspect of the society. People should therefore understand the existence of cultural diversity so that they conflict and live in harmony with each other (Zimmermann, 2012).
Gender and culture intersect in a variety of ways. There are various cultural beliefs that are target specific genders. All cultures do not agree on the issue of the roles given to men and women hence leading to oversimplified cultural concepts that concerning gender within the different cultures. Some cultures position men on a higher rank as compared to women. Therefore culture brings about gender disparities in some cultures and thus the existence of gender inequality in such societies. There are some jobs that are considered only appropriate for men in some cultures. This cultural aspect deters women from venturing into such jobs even when an opportunity is provided to them. The place of women in some cultures is staying at home and caring for the family while men are taken to be the financial providers and bread winners in these same cultures. The existence of cultural diversity therefore paves way for the people to get enlightened and thus leave behind some of their cultural beliefs that bring gender inequality in the society. Therefore cultural diversity and understanding the different enables people to live together in harmony without factoring in gender issues once they understand the diversity culture brings. There should be creation of a culture in the society that views women and men equally which will lead the reduction of gender inequality in the society.
A culture of ethics has to be created in the public sector. It is therefore mandatory for the public sector to apply ethics when it comes to their service provision. Adaptation of values that are based on codes of ethics should be of key importance in the public sector. There should be no room for unethical practices by the public sector if its culture is based on ethics. These include service provision that is up to standard. Some cultures believe that the public sector is obliged to provide some services and hence they take it as their right to get these services from the public sector. Cultural diversity in the public sector gives room for the inclusion of the ethical culture.
All this aspects intersect with each other in one way or another but culture forms the basis of all the other s. without culture then it would be difficult to express this aspects as culture provides a way through which they can be viewed. Therefore culture, cultural diversity, gender and the public sector intertwine with culture at its centre.
References
Zimmermann, K.M. (2012).What is Culture? Definition of culture. Retrieved March 12, 2013 from http://www.livescience.com/21478-what-is-culture-definition-of-culture.html
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services 3
Chase Markowitz
CCJ 4687
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services
Krista Flannigan, JD
11/10/2021
Research Question
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services
US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. (1999). breaking the cycle of violence: Recommendations to improve the criminal justice response to child victims and witnesses.
In this article, it is clear that children are the ones who suffer the most when it comes to sexual abuse cases. This is because with the innocence children portray it is very easy to lure them into sexual abuse and later it hurts them badly. The study aimed to study research for ways to end the cycle of child abuse violence and come up with ways to stop child abuse in the United States of America. The people who were involved in the study are the parents of the children, the criminals as well as the reformed ones and the children who had been or were abused. These criminals who are engaged in sexual abuse among children are very much considered to be in need of serious reform.
This is because abusing children is considered one of the greatest kinds of sexual offenses a person can do and therefore the reform services the criminals are exposed to makes sure that by the time, they are done with their period of service they are fully reformed and better people who realize that sexually abusing children is a very wrong thing to do. The results were that a great number of children who were sexually abused never grew into adulthood as normal people since the abuse affected them so much such that they went into different areas of their lives they could not have done into if it was not for the abuse. However, at the same time, those who abused the children were apprehended and they themselves properly reformed into better people.
Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice.
This is a paper based on the Australian way of dealing with sexual abuse criminals and victims and helping both to come back to normal. The research was carried out by Australian women against violence alliance. It is one of the five national alliances funded by the government. The purpose of the paper was to come up with recommendations on how best the sexual abuse cases and victims can be dealt with in the best manner possible that appeals to the society, does not go over the human rights and makes sure that sexual abuse is done away with.
How New Legislation Could Help Victims Of Sexual Abuse. (2020, February 5). Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/the-witnesses/crime-news/how-new-legislation-could-help-victims-of-sexual-abuse
This article discusses the different laws which have been put into place by different legislations and specifically in relation to the children and generally sexual abuse. The states like the district Columbia came up with different laws which give more power to the person abused and this therefore makes it very difficult for the abuser to get away. This therefore is a kind of reform and when this is applied the abusers have to deter from their desire to sexually abuse children and other people since they fear what might come to them when it comes to judgment and law application.
Limitations of research
One of the major limitations of this research is identifying the children who have witnessed crime and finding a way to help them. When children experience abuse and aggressive behaviors which lead to violence, they are terrified and this usually leads to negative effects on them in the future. When children experience violence and abuse when young even if they do not suffer directly but are involved in seeing such acts, they are prone to become violent in their life in later days. Therefore, it is a challenge to this research on how to identify such children and the resources to give each of the victim’s specific care that is needed for them to be able to overcome the results of experiencing abuse or violence when young.
Another limitation which this research will experience is the issue of confidentiality when it comes to care for the clients. Even though it is a good practice sometimes it hinders reseachers from acquiring very important information which they can use for their researches and they become groundbreaking.
Implications For Research and Practice
With this type of information, it becomes easier for the organizations involved in taking care of children and preventing them from experiencing such violent acts and abuse to take action and focus on the areas mentioned by the research which need action. The recommendations part of the research is exactly what is most important in practicing caution and care for the victims as well as apprehending the criminals. Through the recommendations given at the end of the research and after data analysis it becomes easier for the other researchers in the field to get something to develop on. One implication of the study is that through the assessment of the victim services, quality of services will improve and because of this more people will get assisted. Most of the people who will be safeguarded will be children and through safeguarding the children the future can be made better since the reasons which make them prone to violence when adults will be reduced by the research.
Controversies, Disagreements and Similarities
The major controversy which arises in the articles is the fact that two of the articles talk about the justice system in united states while one talks about justice system in Australia and specifically about sexual abuse. Even though this article (Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice), is an Australian one and ca be viewed as a contradiction of the research since the research is based the united states, it is actually a similarity in that with the research and literature review there will be a realization that what it stands for is the same as what is represented by the other two articles. Another similarity is that all the three articles agree that children need protection and care against their abusers.
References
Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice.
How New Legislation Could Help Victims Of Sexual Abuse. (2020, February 5). Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/the-witnesses/crime-news/how-new-legislation-could-help-victims-of-sexual-abuse
US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. (1999). breaking the cycle of violence: Recommendations to improve the criminal justice response to child victims and witnesses.