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Discourse Analysis of a Spoken Text Between an Art Student and a (3)
Discourse Analysis of a Spoken Text Between an Art Student and a Teacher
Name
Institution
Discourse Analysis of a Spoken Text Between an Art Student an Art Teacher
The 2-minute face to face conversation is between a student Mary and an Art teacher in a classroom, talking about animals and animal behaviors in a casual chat. The student, Mary is a Chinese student who studies in Grade 9 in an international school in Guangzhou. She has great interest in biology, with abundant knowledge about animals from books, articles and BBC documents. The art teacher is from Canada, who also likes small animals. The conversation involves a description of animal behaviours and their effect on humans. They describe how they feel or view the animals and the actions they take when the animals act in certain ways. It is more of a description, as the individuals take a longer time to explain a scenario while the other person listens. Politeness is evident as the participants give turns in the conversation and there is a natural flow of words. The essay analyses the conversation by first transcribing it using the transcription symbols as shown in Appendix 1. A transcription is a tool for identifying and describing the moment by moment unfolding of talk (Gardner, 2015). The data is then analyzed using pragmatics and conversation analysis methods. The pragmatics consider maxims of conversation, performative sentences, and deixis, while the conversation analysis focuses on social actions such as describing, questioning and agreeing.
Methodology
An analysis of a conversation first needs transcription, which enables examination of the form of language used by the participants (Mazeland, 2006). The transcribed data in Appendix 1 used transcription symbols to illustrate the flow of information. Pragmatics and conversation analysis approaches were chosen to analyze the conversation. The analysis focuses on the maxims of conversation, performance sentences, and deixis pragmatics, which are clearly notable in the conversation.
According to Grice, maxims of conversation requires a speaker to be informative in the conversation: Maxim of relevance in a conversation means sticking to the topic; Maxim of manner relates to orderliness and behavior, and the maxim of quality discourages unsupported claims. The use of presupposition involves sentences that assume to the second party before an answer is given. It assumes that the second party already knows the subject of conversation. It is background knowledge necessary for conversation to be appropriate and understood by listener (Grundy, 2008). Presupposition has been used in the conversation to create logic in dialogue.
Performative sentences under the pragmatics approach will also be used to analyze this conversation. They are either affirmative or declarative. If the performance sentences could be constative in its force, then the grammatical form would be declarative, while if it is not compositionality considered, then the performance force could be attached to performance sentences to create meaning (Harnish, 2002). Performance features and the context modify what is being conveyed by utterance, by either adding, modifying other words and excluding some messages in a conversation. This has been portrayed in the conversation between the teacher and the student’s understandings of animals. In using the deixis approach, which is reference to an object or person referring to the situational context, the essay analyses the personalities of the two parties. Deixis expressions could be away from or toward the speaker and are in three categories, person, spatial and temporal deixis. Person deixis will be used, which localises an entity based on the speaker (Green, 2008). It directly concerns the relationship between the structure of language and the context in which they are used (Dylgjeri & Kazazi, 2013). Without a common frame in conversations, deixis will be impossible to understand.
The second approach is the conversation analysis, which aims to represent data in recordings, in ways that would preserve and reveal interactionally relevant elements of the dialogue (Bolden & Hepburn, 2018). This is used throughout the conversation to create meaning in the dialogue and information being passed. It identifies the connections that exist between the parties, based on their flow of words and intonation. The participants use the rising and falling intonations in their conversation to create the dialogue turns for each individual. The pauses indicate the turn and insisting on points, while stress on a certain word or sentence identifies the ideas to concentrate or the message that the speaker wants to pass. Analysis of turn-taking clarifies how a conversation is conducted and also gives an insight into the personal relationship of the parties in the dialogue (Wiemann & Knapp, 1975). After listening to the conversation and how the dialogue interchanges between the two parties, it becomes possible to illustrate the exchange of ideas in the description of the animals. This is also shown in the symbols used in the conversation in Appendix 1 illustrating the pauses and agreeing to one another’s ideas.
Analysis
Conversation analysis demonstrates that practices are oriented by participants in the design of their talk, and in creating relevance from one another’s conduct (Drew, 2018). The conversation analysis and pragmatics could be blended to create a more meaningful dialogue. While pragmatics studies how contexts contribute to meaning, conversation analysis evaluates the signs, words and flow of sentences to create meaning. These two need to be considered for a successful dialogue analysis. Maxims of conversation in pragmatics are evident in the teacher-student conversation as they both have information passing to the other. The parties understand one another and could even respond or add information to create more sense. The flow of the information insinuates the relevance of topic, as each party speaks about animals and reactions to them. As the conversation starts with the student giving an experience of pigeons bathing, the teacher could respond by generalising that birds whack with their feathers in water and even adds another bird, which is the duck that creates a continuation of the conversation as each party speaks of the duck. Maxim explains regularity in a certain conversational behaviour concerning sticking to the topic (Chamedzky, 1992). The vocal conduct creates the relevance of the dialogue and an understanding between the parties.
This form of conversion is a discussion of animal behaviours. The maxim of manner is depicted in the conversation, as there are orders and not much of overlapping voices. This orderliness in the maxim of manner creates effective turn-taking, in that a person could respond to a conversation after the first one completes the sentence. The pauses are a way of allowing the second party to either add information, negate some, or support by agreeing to it. As the student narrates about the duck at her grandmother’s place, the teacher is listening as we hear the ‘mm-mmh’ sound, showing continuity or agreeing to the statements. According to Grice’s conversational norms, ‘do not say what you believe is false’ (Fallis, 2012). The student gives stories about her grandmother and shows confidence in the voice that it is true and that it happened. The speaker’s honesty is encouraged, as depicted in this conversation. The supported claims create the flow of the conversation and regulate the social structure (Koudenburg, Postmes & Gordijn, 2016). The maxims provide genuity and justification of information in a conversation.
The teacher-student conversation flows with responses that match the relevance of the topic. The maxim of relevance is depicted through the participants’ responses to information from the other. In line 5, as the teacher explains the behaviour of the ducks in water, the student easily relates to her grandmother’s experience with ducks. The response is relevant to the topic that was being discussed which is on ducks. According to Grice, the maxim of relevance requires a partner’s contribution to be appropriate to the needs at each stage of transition (Kleinke, 2010). The participants do not ask questions but instead give their views and expect the other party to either support or give their opinion on the same subject. Maxim of relevance allows conversations to continue, as relevant information gives the morale to continue conversing.
Line 40 presents a performative sentence as well as maxim of quality as the student gives the example of her grandmother on the issue of the ducks. Maxim of quality is evident as the student gives information and supports it with evidence from grandmother’s experience. It requires information provided in a conversation to be genuine and justified (Vergis, 2017). In Line 43, the student speaks about her grandmother’s dog being poisoned. The teacher gives a response by providing evidence that it is true that dogs could get poisoned and she had seen this happen in Egypt. She supports the student’s ideas by giving an example from her own experience. Performative sentence is seen from an imitation of the grandmother’s voice by increasing the intonation. Performative sentences are acts of the performative verbs, which are self-verifying and achieve an objective based on the literal meaning (Searle, 1989). The rising intonation, in a slower motion than in the usual conversation, describes the difference in the flow of words. The student also uses the personality referring to the grandmother like her, and this explains to the teacher that it is not just any other grandmother but her own.
The reference to a person, object, or event is appropriate in a conversation as it saves the speaker from repeating the subjects in every sentence. The first step of analysing deixis is to note existence of expressions that refer to something else (Hacks, 2017). In Line 8, the student uses ‘she’ referring to her grandmother, while explaining about the ducks. In Lines 12 and 13, ‘they’ is used to refer to the ducks. The discussion was on the ducks’ behaviour hence they directly relate to the ducks. Also, ‘their’ is used to refer to the duck’s feathers and described as white. ‘They’ is also used to refer to the dogs that sleep on top of the cars. Deixis specifies an identity or location from the perspective of the speaker or listener in the context of the conversation topic (Dylgjeri & Kazazi, 2013). They create flow of information for the parties to understand easily and evidence of concentration on the conversation from the listener.
From the perspective of conversation analysis, the dialogue is descriptive. It reveals the behaviours of animals according to the parties’ understanding and experiences. The individual’s pauses for two seconds or less is to give room for the other individual to continue with the conversation. The stress on some words restores the topic of the conversation, reminding the listener of the responses to give on a particular statement. Conversation analysis discovers how participants understand and respond to one another in turns, focusing on the flow of the conversation (Hall, 2019). In Line 18, the teacher gives an old saying of ‘like water off a duck’s buck’ after the conversation of the duck, the student responds with another saying of insulting people with their bad memories. The response goes in line with the first statement and responds with another saying. In Line 27, Mary supports the issue of bad memory by saying that she is always forgetful like that. The flow of the conversation is determined by the responses given by the people engaged in the conversation.
People use language and body to communicate. The organizational principles give meaning to every idea one is putting across to the other party (Van Han, 2014). In Line 43, on the issue of the poisoning of dogs, the expression of the flow of words shows the discontentedness of the idea happening. The teacher responds by explaining that it also happens in Egypt but also gives a contrary opinion that dogs are not poisoned in Canada. One statement of the speaker leads to a relevant response by the second party on the same topic of discussion. This is also the maxim of relevance because of the flow of conversation while sticking to a topic. The conversation model of turn has identified significant delay before a response is given and in giving the descriptions before the other party gives the feedback (Levinson, 2016). The transcription symbols by use of (.) show the pausing used in the conversation, which is used in the listener agreeing to a point made or waiting for a response. Conversation analysis studies the human conduct to organise and construct the flow of the conversation.
Evaluation
Discourse analysis studies social life in the analysis of language while investigating meaning, using analytical approaches and theories to explain the use. These analytical approaches have advantages to attaining the objectives, and also limitations that suppress or assumes some concepts in the analysis. The approaches increase the ability to describe texts and understanding the topic of the conversation.
Pragmatics looks at how the language is used for communication rather than how the language is structured in the sentences. It is advantageous in understanding the communication flow of the conversation. The maxims of conversation inform the participants of the ideas being passed across. As seen in Mary and her teacher’s conversation, the participants understand one another and are able to effectively respond depending on the ideas passed across. It also depicts the relevance of the topic, and one could easily tell when a participant moves away from the subject matter. Taking turns in conversations is controlled by pragmatics, which brings up the relevance of conversations between parties (Zhao, 2011). Pragmatics especially the maxims of quantity cannot be easily discovered as the individual speaking is the only one who has the evidence to support the claims they make. The listener may not know if the claim is true or false and may end up agreeing to it to allow the conversation continue or be concluded. Maxim of quantity is supported by more information from the participant’s experiences. In the conversation, the student uses the maxim of quantity by using examples to support her ideas to the teacher.
Conversation analysis helps to evaluate conversations to be understood by third parties. It analyses the speeches of participants in a dialogue and can be understood based on expressions used. One of the strengths of conversation analysis is that the themes in the analysis are ordinary and close (Paltridge, 2006). If language is used without context, it only displays the literal meaning, which might not make sense to the listener. It also achieves reliability from naturally recorded conversations to creating a meaningful written transcript for easy referencing by individuals. Mary and her teacher’s conversion have flow of information as they concentrate on the subject matter all through the dialogue. To add on, conversation analysis addresses most important details of a conversation by stressing on important aspects such as the details of the topic. It also offers the opportunity to study expressions in writing of the behaviour of participants of a conversation. This benefit offers the opportunity to interpret the conversation and understand the emotions and attitudes of the participants towards a subject. For example, the attitude of Mary and her teacher’s attitude towards animals.
Conversation analysis is not self-sufficient as it has to be supported by symbols and keys to be meaningful (Hammersley, 2003). In creating an effective written dialogue using conversational analysis, the symbols have to be used to create meaning to the sentences. As shown in Appendix 1, the symbols and keys give meaning to the flow of information in the conversation. Another limitation is that most of the time, the conversational maxims are usually disregarded; hence, the intended meaning is not achieved by the writer or to the reader; this is because of the change in cultural communications of different societies or platforms (Spielmann, 1986). The analysis may also be interpreted differently by various readers or listeners especially if the meanings of the symbols are not well understood and this creates a conflict in the same conversation by different individuals. For example, the symbols use used in Appendix 1 to analyze the conversation may be understood differently by various individuals hence, misinterpretation is a common limitation of conversation analysis.
Conclusion.
Discourse analysis is a reliable, systematic, and valid evaluation of a conversation using analytical approaches such as pragmatics and conversation analysis. Pragmatics can use Grice’s maxims of conversation – quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. It gives a rule that should be followed in the analysis of a conversation. The use of deixis and presupposition creates a meaning to the listener through the interpretation made by the listener. The conversational analysis uses symbols to describe the flow of words and intonations in conversations. These approaches have their benefits and limitations that either provide the strength or suppresses the success of conversation analysis. Discourse analysis aims to understand language for both spoken and written conversations and gives a purpose to various types of utterances.
References
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APPENDIX 1
Student: I’ve
Seen pigeons bathing-
Teacher: really, Birds I think (2.0)
it’s neat how Birds whack with their
feathers in the water, especially ducks(.)
if you ever seen ducks in the water and
how it just rolls right off the back?
Student:
Yeah, because my grandmother had ducks
before and she told me that when the
ducks are in the field with mud [mm-hmm]
the ducks look completely dirty but for
a few seconds later (.) [they’re clean] and they
shake off the wet mud, and they’re and
their feather is still white and
Beautiful (.) whereas as pretty as shiny as
They were before.
Teacher:
Right
there’s an old saying that is like water
off a duck’s back
(you don’t have to worry about it just goes away)
Student: or like insulting
people with their bad memories before them,
you’re remembering things are just like
water drops on a duck’s back just
or you pour water on the duck’s back(.)
[mm-hmm] you just dont remember it and it
flows away
Teacher:
which is it a great saying I
think especially for bad memories(.) you
(don’t look for that (.) so why not
Student: like seeing people that has really
bad remembering things(.) like tomorrow we’ll
have lunch together-
and next day(.) heck no. you forgot this I
wait you for two hours(.) and I’m going to
be tardy .h
Teacher:
I am very much that way, I like
to say: I would lose my own head if it
wasn’t attached to my body(.)
Student: that’s what
my grandma says too, she said ? hey Mary you’re
going to lost her own head if it’s not
connected to your neck (.) you lost everything [everything] forgetful forgetful forgetful (.) [mmh] that truth is her
dog got poisoned by one of the mean
neighbors
Teacher:
they do that a lot in Egypt as
Well, it’s not so much in Canada at home,
if there’s dogs that you don’t like you
Call:
by law and they take care of it (.)but in
Egypt, they would poison the dogs too – but
it was so funny because you would see a
pack of dogs, and they’d be sleeping on
top of the cars(.) instead of just like in
>the corners of the streets or whatever
they’d be on top of the cars< (.) so if you
had to drive your cars you’d have to
shoot the dogs away
APPENDIX II
Line Speaker Transcription Student I’ve seen pigeons bathing- Started her turn
Teacher really, Birds I think (2.0) Agreed as she continues
it’s neat how Birds whack with their Makes a statement
feathers in the water especially ducks(.) Insists on the duck and pauses
if you ever seen ducks in the water and Explains
how it just rolls right off the back? Concludes with high intonation
Student Yeah, because my grandmother had ducks Acknowledges giving evidence
before and she told me that when the Explains
ducks are in the field with mud [mm-hmm] Acknowledges
the ducks look completely dirty but for Describes
a few seconds later (.) [they’re clean] and they Pauses and follows with unclear words
shake off the wet mud and they’re and Continues explaining
their feather is still white and Gives description of duck
Beautiful (.) whereas as pretty as shiny as Continues and pauses
They were before. Concludes
Teacher Right Acknowledges
there’s an old saying that is like water Acknowledges using a saying
off a duck’s back Concludes the saying
(you don’t have to worry about it just goes away) Background feedback in a higher speed
Student or like insulting Gives alternative example
people with their bad memories before them, Continues explaining
you’re remembering things are just like Further explains the saying
water drops on a duck’s back just Relates remembering to water on duck’s back
or you pour water on the duck’s back(.) Concludes and Pauses
[mm-hmm] you just don’t remember it and it
flows away Acknowledges while providing more support
Teacher which is it a great saying I Concurs with the saying
think especially for bad memories(.) you Gives own opinion and pauses
(don’t look for that (.) so why not Continues explaining
Student like seeing people that has really Gives another scenario
bad remembering things(.) like tomorrow we’ll Practical example
have lunch together- Example showing continuation
and next day(.) heck no. you forgot this I Continues with example and pauses
wait you for two hours(.) and I’m going to Explains amount of time in waiting
be tardy (.h) Explains action to be taken
Teacher I am very much that way, I like Acknowledges that she is like that (Forgets easily)
to say: I would lose my own head if it Uses a saying to describe her forgetting nature
wasn’t attached to my body(.) Continues with saying and pauses
Student that’s what Acknowledges giving example of the grandmother
my grandma says too, she said ? hey Mary you’re Explains in a rising intonation
going to lost her own head if it’s not Explains grandmother’s saying
connected to your neck (.) you lost everything [everything] forgetful forgetful forgetful (.) Continues explaining
[mmh] that truth is her Acknowledges
dog got poisoned by one of the mean Gives the reason behind grandmother’s attitude stressing on the main information
neighbors Source of the attitude
Teacher they do that a lot in Egypt as Gives an example of location where dogs are killed
Well, it’s not so much in Canada at home, Continues explaining
if there’s dogs that you don’t like you Gives alternative of not poisoning
Call: Action that can be taken
by law and they take care of it (.)but in Explains the party that helps to take the action
Egypt, they would poison the dogs too – but Explains dog poisoning
it was so funny because you would see a Reasons that led to poisoning
pack of dogs, and they’d be sleeping on Explains reason
top of the cars(.) instead of just like in Continues explaining and pauses
>the corners of the streets or whatever Explains faster than before
they’d be on top of the cars< (.) so if you Continues explaining
had to drive your cars you’d have to Gives solution to solve the dog problem
shoot the dogs away Continues explaining
Culture And Consumer Behavior In UAE And China
Culture And Consumer Behavior In UAE And China
Abstract
This study compares the culture of the United Arab Emirates and other culture relating to their social value, language and dialectics, religion, Entertainment, food, arts, clothing and apparel sports and recreational activities, socialization groups, work ethics, attitudes towards vices and time.
Introduction
Culture is one of the most essential personality in a certain organization, thus culture is define as the total hereditary thoughts, beliefs, values, institution, knowledge and all products created of human idea and work. Culture is learned and shared within the society and reinforced and transmitted by the members of the group. This pattern of traits, products, is considered in a particular period, community and class. It is also considered in particular category such as subject, mode of expression and it is an approach and behavior that shows the characteristic of a certain organization. The objective of this study is to compare United Arab Emirates culture to other cultures and to determine the consumer point of view and how to use the marketing point of view with the consumer point of view. Consumer behavior combines aspects from sociology, economics, social anthropology and psychology. It identifies the characteristics of personal consumers like behavioral variables and demographics in a trial to identify with people’s needs and wants. (Triandis, 2004).
Comparison of Cultures between UAE and other culture
Language and dialects- United Arab Emirates is a multicultural society, Arabic is the native language. Some people and other Middle Eastern countries, speaks English, as a reason of multinational workforce in UAE. English is the language of commerce, it is widely used and it is viewed as the second largest language next to Arabic. While in China the official language is Chinese. All varieties of Chinese belong to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages and each one has its own dialects and sub-dialects, which are more or less mutually intelligible.
(Atkins & Hills, 2012).
Social values
The United Arab Emirates social values are essential like concern for future generations, family and respect. They considered it as the major values, for they are based on the shared goal of all people working on this land to have a better life. In other culture like the country of China, Citizens are divided into four main social classes thus: the verdict sheikhly families, the members in this class hold the highest opinionated power and positions and have enormous prestige and wealth. The second is al-tujjar the merchant class. The third class is signified by growing numbers of qualified who have benefits from free education, and the fourth one is made up with the low-income groups, characterized by newly settled Bedouin nomads, oasis farmers and former pearl divers (Reisinger, 2009). Chinese social fengjian structure is divided into four thus; the shi is the first one, the nong the second one, the gong the third one and the shanng the fourth one
Religion
Christianity and Islamic are the two largest religions in the world. Both believe in one God who created the world and is most concern in the behavior and beliefs of human beings. Chinese religions include: Daoism, Muslim, Buddhist and Christians. The Chinese are governed by community state and their capital city is Beijing. Christians called their sacred text as Bible while Muslims called it Koran, Christians believes in trinity while Muslims believes in unity, Holy day of Christians is Sunday while Muslims is Friday and one of the major symbols of Christianity is having cross or sign of the cross while Muslims have their crescent the name of Allah in Arabic, and these are examples of how religious vary.
Food
UAE food is very rich in spices and has unique taste. Traditional dishes contain rice, meat, and fish. Arabs are used to consume sheep and goat to obtain meat. During their special occasions, they use camel meat as one of their special dishes. One of their rational foods is shawarma. In China, food is distinguished by its bold combination of sour, salty and sweet taste. Foods are usually served at once not in courses, its main dishes also is rice, meat and vegetables. Whole roasted pig is one of the center foods that are being served when there is a special occasion. Chinese prefer balance diet according to age, gender and health. They use chop stick while eating.
Entertainment
UAE have zoos and museums parks that are engage in wide range of collections. Dubai shopping festival is one of their entertainments and this occurs every first quarter of the year. This occasion offers great discounts on all merchandise purchased and offers everyday car raffle that draws and displays of fireworks while in China Scarlett done in Beijing for entertainment.
Arts
Emirates have established mostly on the museums and galleries, their culture and heritage, as well as their architecture are largely inspired by Islamic architecture. It is seen reflect to their traditional lifestyles and behavior of the people. Their buildings are simple and have beautiful art to adapt the modern living. Martial arts are done and associated in china.
Sports and recreational Activities
Football and cricket are the most popular sport in UAE due to relocating of residents from the Indian subcontinent. Armies, a form of martial arts, are the national sport in Arab women are inspiring the whole word on sports because they are engaging with most sport and athletes functions. Olympics are held in Beijing China and they treasure gold medals as a reward for the competitors.
Clothing and apparel
Most Muslims countries sumptuary laws control what men and women wear, Islam requires women to wear more reserved form. Both men and women wear veils and long sleeved robes. Women wear the abaya, a long black robe with a hijab and other women may add a nijab to cover their mouth and nose leaving only the eyes exposed. At times men choose to wear men’s skirts such as togas or kilts. While Chinese, Men should wear a dark colored, conservative business suit while the Women wear a conservative suit, a skirt and blouse, or a dress. The women wear flat shoes and dresses with high neckline
Socialization groups (family, elders, children, etc.)
Emirati is divided into two collective categories: the foreign immigrants and the nationals. Citizens are subdivided into four main classes (1) the ruling shakily families, (2) the merchant class, known as al-tujjar , (3) the new middle class, and (4) the low-income groups different economic and social rewards: (1) top professionals and technocrats with international contracts, who earn high salaries and have other benefits; (2) middle-range professionals such as company salesmen, school teachers and skilled technicians; (3) low-paid unskilled workers and semi-skilled. Nationals are a fortunate minority, and benefit from business regulations and state laws. Chinese meet and socialize with friends, family during lunch or dinner time. Elders are respected and other people go for wise advice from them. Chinese prefers male children to female. This has led to the introduction of a foreign cultural component to child socialization; however, a maid’s control is viewed as negative. The school system undertakes roles in children’s socialization, considerably reducing the family’s role in the growing process (Atkins & Hills, 2012).
Housing
In U.A.E, housing has entry for foreign workers to creating a huge demand for housing and pressure is significantly increasing both rent and real estate values. Recently U.A.E government has changed its law to allow emigrants to own a house within a specific area in the federation, creating a rise in housing construction. All citizen Chinese have ancestral homes. In these cultures, there is an expressive need for set of laws that time is money, people arse active and have an urge to work hard and be busy and punctuality and precision are the norms, security is a vital aspect in individual inspiration.
Work ethics
In UAE the employees believe that a good work life balance is essential in motivating ones work. They give high motivation standard towards work. They have set in their minds that good work seems to offer them a sense of personal and professional achievement, in China people do not value work they just work as they want to.
Attitudes towards smoking, drinking, gambling, and similar social vices
In UAE, recent news shared that smoking is recently banned and they plan to have a free anti smokers’ city while in china gambling is illegal, many people smoke and drink in china. The Chinese produce tobacco.
Attitudes toward time
In Arabs prefer to work on their own, whereby they have place and need to justification and have accepted the hierarchical order. They believe that time is money; they have to be busy and hard working, where presumption and punctuality are the norm. While Chinese are not conscious on time, they are always late when it comes to management of time.
Hofstede theory:
Power distance
Emirates are powerful in this since their economy moves fast compared to the Chinese and they give value to their work and time. Although both cultures aim for progress, there is evidence that this behavior of differences results in inequality in power distance.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Both culture shows importance to the family; however Arab culture is a collectivist society. They tend to work as a group and this is being evident of loyalty to their family, extended family. Chinese are very good in collectivist society; they tend to hear their family’s suggestion and are helpless at times since they cannot stand with their own without the help of family and other people (Lee, McCauley & Draguns, 2013).
Masculinity &Feminist
In UAE world people work to live, so they are more in masculinity, their leaders are confident and influential in dealing with people, they give prominence on equity, performance and competition. China has poor level in masculinity, it seems that both are equal, as of these days females usually standing in the crowd, and shows that what men can do , women also can do also, though they know that women’s must submit to the authority which is their husbands.
Uncertainty Avoidance
Emirates has a high preference when it comes to uncertainty of things, they follow and maintain their beliefs, they work hard for what they have in mind that time is money, they give much value with the norms of punctuality while Chinese believe that things are out of their control and they are predestined to happen, they do not use their time wisely and have that characteristic and behavior.
Comparison based on consumer behavior “customer point of view”
On the economic growth of UAE, consumers both emigrants and nationals are the most confident in their financial future and have adopted financial habits of living and spending in a luxurious lifestyle. People have learned to discern in shifting their focus to buy on products that are of high quality and reliable even with consumerism returning. For instance, when buying luxurious things, each culture has its own motivation for buying them. To some, it’s a matter of self-attraction to promote self esteem, and it indicates their class of living, and to others they buy luxurious things to impress others and show off their achievements. The Chinese Consumers expected personal finance and job prospects in 2013, they shows less concern on economy since it is a fully grown economy (Lee, McCauley & Draguns, 2013).
Comparison based on marketing point of view-In United Arab Emirates one of the marketing strategy and point of view they used when attracting the consumers to buy was by giving them a huge discount for instance, in the supermarkets they tend to offer sale prices for products and offer big discount of sale, they give attention to potential customers, they do sales promotion, and attract investors by marketing their natural resources. However in theChina, government works to promote their natural resources, to invite people from different nationalities ,to attract foreign investors to invest in their country, and seek advices from these people.
Large scale companies such as Procter & Gamble is an example of brand that mixes the UAE strategy based on the consumer behaviors and performs best worldwide.
Conclusion:
In conclusion not all societies are equal, expresses the culture attitude existing among the individuals. Culture plays a significant role in ones character, it is where you are formed and recognized, and it is in ones culture that one can be identified.
References:
Clothing in the UAE. Grapeshisha.com. Retrieved 2009-07-15.
Triandis, H. C. (2004). Culture and Social Behavior.In (Reprint ed., p. 330). New York: McGraw Hill Custom Publishing.
Atkins, P. W. B., & Hills, R. C. (2012). Cultural Identity and Convergence on Western Attitudes
And Beliefs in the United Arab Emirates.Australia: Australian National University.
Lee, Y., McCauley, C. R., &Draguns, J. G. (2013). Personality and person perception across cultures. (p. 328). Mahwah: Psychology Press.
Reisinger, Y. (2009). International tourism: Cultures and behavior. (reprint ed., pp. 281-285). London: Uk: Elsevier.
“China Tang Dynasty Culture, Religion, Poem, Arts, Architecture.” China Travel Agency, China
Tours, Beijing Tourist. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2013.
geert-hofstede.com/arab-world-egiqkwlblysa.html
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services (2)
Chase Markowitz
CCJ 4687
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services
Krista Flannigan, JD
11/10/2021
Research Question
Evaluation And Assessment of Victim Services
US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. (1999). breaking the cycle of violence: Recommendations to improve the criminal justice response to child victims and witnesses.
Evaluating and assessing victim services is a noble goal to the society as it leads to the right and correct way of trying to inform people to get help and not shy away, therefore this paper discusses the process of evaluation and assessment of victim services as well as the impact of the evaluation on the quality of health services presented.
In this article, it is clear that children are the ones who suffer the most when it comes to sexual abuse cases. This is because with the innocence children portray it is very easy to lure them into sexual abuse and later it hurts them badly. The study aimed to study research for ways to end the cycle of child abuse violence and come up with ways to stop child abuse in the United States of America. The people who were involved in the study are the parents of the children, the criminals as well as the reformed ones and the children who had been or were abused. These criminals who are engaged in sexual abuse among children are very much considered to be in need of serious reform.
This is because abusing children is considered one of the greatest kinds of sexual offenses a person can do and therefore the reform services the criminals are exposed to makes sure that by the time, they are done with their period of service they are fully reformed and better people who realize that sexually abusing children is a very wrong thing to do. The results were that a great number of children who were sexually abused never grew into adulthood as normal people since the abuse affected them so much such that they went into different areas of their lives they could not have done into if it was not for the abuse. However, at the same time, those who abused the children were apprehended and they themselves properly reformed into better people.
Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice.
This is a paper based on the Australian way of dealing with sexual abuse criminals and victims and helping both to come back to normal. The research was carried out by Australian women against violence alliance. It is one of the five national alliances funded by the government. The purpose of the paper was to come up with recommendations on how best the sexual abuse cases and victims can be dealt with in the best manner possible that appeals to the society, does not go over the human rights and makes sure that sexual abuse is done away with.
How New Legislation Could Help Victims Of Sexual Abuse. (2020, February 5). Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/the-witnesses/crime-news/how-new-legislation-could-help-victims-of-sexual-abuse
This article discusses the different laws which have been put into place by different legislations and specifically in relation to the children and generally sexual abuse. The states like the district Columbia came up with different laws which give more power to the person abused and this therefore makes it very difficult for the abuser to get away. This therefore is a kind of reform and when this is applied the abusers have to deter from their desire to sexually abuse children and other people since they fear what might come to them when it comes to judgment and law application.
Limitations of research
One of the major limitations of this research is identifying the children who have witnessed crime and finding a way to help them. When children experience abuse and aggressive behaviors which lead to violence, they are terrified and this usually leads to negative effects on them in the future. When children experience violence and abuse when young even if they do not suffer directly but are involved in seeing such acts, they are prone to become violent in their life in later days. Therefore, it is a challenge to this research on how to identify such children and the resources to give each of the victim’s specific care that is needed for them to be able to overcome the results of experiencing abuse or violence when young.
Another limitation which this research will experience is the issue of confidentiality when it comes to care for the clients. Even though it is a good practice sometimes it hinders reseachers from acquiring very important information which they can use for their researches and they become groundbreaking.
Implications For Research and Practice
With this type of information, it becomes easier for the organizations involved in taking care of children and preventing them from experiencing such violent acts and abuse to take action and focus on the areas mentioned by the research which need action. The recommendations part of the research is exactly what is most important in practicing caution and care for the victims as well as apprehending the criminals. Through the recommendations given at the end of the research and after data analysis it becomes easier for the other researchers in the field to get something to develop on. One implication of the study is that through the assessment of the victim services, quality of services will improve and because of this more people will get assisted. Most of the people who will be safeguarded will be children and through safeguarding the children the future can be made better since the reasons which make them prone to violence when adults will be reduced by the research.
Controversies, Disagreements and Similarities
The major controversy which arises in the articles is the fact that two of the articles talk about the justice system in united states while one talks about justice system in Australia and specifically about sexual abuse. Even though this article (Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice), is an Australian one and ca be viewed as a contradiction of the research since the research is based the united states, it is actually a similarity in that with the research and literature review there will be a realization that what it stands for is the same as what is represented by the other two articles. Another similarity is that all the three articles agree that children need protection and care against their abusers.
Conclusion
In conclusion, it is true that evaluation and assessment of victim services is the best possible way to see if the children and any other person who is a victim of home-based violence or sexually abused victim are being helped according to best methods. Even though there is lack of trust in some of the institutions running the victim services it seems most of them are doing okay and they continue to be a great force to make the world a better place.
References
Alliance, A. W. A. V. Sexual violence: law reform and access to justice.
How New Legislation Could Help Victims Of Sexual Abuse. (2020, February 5). Oxygen Official Site. https://www.oxygen.com/the-witnesses/crime-news/how-new-legislation-could-help-victims-of-sexual-abuse
US Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime. (1999). breaking the cycle of violence: Recommendations to improve the criminal justice response to child victims and witnesses.