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Toten Dam
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Toten Dam
Introduction
In order for a given project to be successful and achieve its fundamental goals of enhancing sustainable living, it needs to mainstream the needs of the society in decision making. In particular, it needs to respect the views and contributions of other individuals to this because likewise, these have an equal role to play in the same. This is because the give project equally affects their lives in various ways. By failing to uphold the important principle of respect, the bureau of Reclamation contravened the basic ethical values and adversely affected the lives of the public.
The Organization and People Involved
The collapse of the Toten Dam is attributed to the professional competencies that were exhibited by the Bureau of Reclamation. It culminated in massive losses of lives as well as property. This prompted an investigation in the causes of the collapse by a government and private body that revealed various technical inadequacies in the process of construction. The investigation by these two groups found the bureau guilty of not taking adequate cautionary measures to prevent the collapse of the dam.
Events and Dates
The dam collapsed in 1975 and this was reportedly caused by leakages and erosion. The bureau had experienced similar problems in 1965 although timely measures had been undertaken to counter this. One of the issues that were raised by the investigators was a conceived lack of inspection of the dam. Based on the information provided, it can be ascertained that indeed, the bureau failed to monitor the process accordingly.
Investigation and Additional Facts
With respect to investigation, it is worth acknowledging that various concerns had initially been raised by credible bodies such as the department of geology regarding the location of the dam. In addition, the bureau ascertained that the process of construction was indeed faced by various challenges related to the physical structures in that region. Considering the fact that it had not previously experienced such challenges, it would have been imperative for it to exercise caution. Besides taking extra measures to curb possible leaking, it could have monitored and inspected the condition of the dam more frequently. Possibly, this could have enabled it to identify possible problems related to the functioning of the same in a timely manner. It can also be posited that its response to leakage reports was slow, irrespective of the knowledge that the conditions surrounding the construction of the dam were uncertain.
Ethical Considerations
From an ethical perspective, it can be argued that the bureau failed dismally to uphold relevant ethical measures in order to prevent the collapse of the dam. According to the National Society of Professional Engineers, engineers are responsible for upholding the natural rights of individuals. They are expected to enhance public safety, health and security by ensuring that their work is credible. Credibility in this regard is defined by their ability to conform strictly to the applicable standards. In this regard, the bureau contravened the right to life as through its negligence, fourteen human lives are lost. This was attributed to their failure to uphold the high professional standards with regard to expertise.
The ethical provisions also require the engineers to always factor in the interests of the public when making vita decisions. In this respect, it can be argued that the Bureau contravened this by failing to incorporate the concerns of the public and other credible bodies regarding the location of the dam. Notably, the implications of the subsequent collapse culminated in the contravention of the important principle of sustainable development.
Evaluation of the Case
The Reclamation bureau can be considered to be guilty of poor performance in the construction of Toten dam. From the reports presented by the investigating teams, it is certain that utmost attention was not accorded to the conditions surrounding the construction of the same. There are inherent errors that have been cited to have contributed to the collapse of the dam. This indicates that the expertise of these individuals is largely at stake. Of course errors often occur but the presence of numerous errors that had the capacity to undermine the functioning of the dam showed a significant level of incompetence. Effective and frequent monitoring could possibly have avoided the collapse of this.
Alternative Measures
Seemingly, various measures could have been undertaken to prevent the collapse of the dam. To begin with, the bureau could have employed more measures to avoid leaking and to prevent erosion accordingly. Further, it could have conducted monitoring and evaluation of this project more frequently. Alternatively, it could have heeded the caution presented by the geological department and abandoned the project altogether.
From the review, the collapse of Toten dam can be attributed to the failure of the bureau to put in to respect the various prepositions that were put forth by the public. This led to devastating effects as its implications threatened the holistic wellbeing of humanity. Indeed, the loss of lives and important livelihoods can be considered very detrimental.
Totalitarianism
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Totalitarianism
Introduction
Totalitarianism is a political ideology that is characterized by the government enforcing total control over all aspects of the lives of the citizens or her subjects. The government permits no freedom to the people, seeks to take charge of all aspects of human life, and exercises a strong central rule to the subjects. The system was initially designed in a positive motive and bore the slogan “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state”. However, the concept was gradually corrupted to evoke the feeling of extreme authoritarianism where the rights of the subjects and the human dignity to all are compromised. Hannah Arendt’s article on the new guarantee was triggered by the resultant repercussion of the Second World War and the holocaust. Many people were left without a state identity and left as destitute refugees both in their original native countries and in foreign countries. Arendt believed strongly threat today’s political regimes are consequences of the political philosophies of the western traditions. She saw refugees as the bad fruits of the current political ideologies and hence she challenges the purpose and effectiveness of the current political practices and thoughts. By her moving away from the concept of inalienable or natural rights and focusing on the right of individual membership within a community for the purpose if human dignity, she instigates a favorable foundation for human rights. Why does human dignity needs a new political guarantee as proposed by Hannah Arendt and what necessitates the need? This essay therefore intends to investigate whether in the light of totalitarianism human rights and dignity suffer compromise and hence project the reasons why human dignity needs a new guarantee
Discussion
In the article ‘Origin of totalitarianism’, Arendt reasons that the human dignity requires some guarantee and this is possible through new political principle. This is after the nineteenth century idea of peaceful cosmopolitan in the respect of human rights was destroyed. Arendt says that the state of being a refugee is best understood from different perspectives; physical, social and political displacement of an individual. The lack of a physical place to live in and settle defines displacement, asylum seeker and the refugee state of human beings. However, other aspects also come in handy such as the deprivation of an individual right to action and to freedom of opinion. The collective sum of the modern displacement and the degradation are what Arendt terms as ‘wordlessness’. She sighted the remedy to the state of wordlessness as being embedded on the need to revisit the foundations of ethics of human rights. This is because largely, liberal pieties on natural rights have lost credibility; understanding the incompatibility of national sovereignty with civic responsibility and human dignity have been hindered; as well as the importance of the citizens to understand their right in affording political empowerment being compromised. Arendt was triggered to study the issue due to an increase in refugees within Europe. The sovereign authority in the state embraced universal individual rights and national sovereignty. However, the sovereign states restricted people from acquiring citizenship or the right to entry into their territories. This is a contradiction of the liberal state’s sovereignty and universalism and thus denying citizenship to person or group of people or turning away refugees of other states is a wrong principle. She argues that such rights cannot be realized without the state acknowledgement to sovereign power and that a relationship abides between the state rights and individual rights. Refugees are thus the resultant product when the state rights and individual rights conflict (Cotter, para 5-6).
The only way to understand the contradictions and failures of the current political thought and practice is by evaluating the experiences of the victims or those who lack the rights and those with nonexistent and marginal regal status. Evaluation of the lives or experiences by the victims, Arendt found out that there are three major concerns that need be evaluated. First, Arendt sited problems in the foundations of human rights where she found out that there were confrontations between the sovereignty of the people and the individual sovereignty in the liberal political theory. The ultimate result and the source of human law can then be only traced in and out on man himself. They were seen as inalienable and as though they needed no higher authority for their execution. However, the execution of the so-called inalienable laws proved un-working later and there was a need for the collective rights of the people. Therefore, the tag of contention between the nation and the individual result into a conflict between the nation and the state in which the nation is won. She says that the conflict only came to be understood at the birth of modern state when the French Revolution combined the rights of man and the national sovereignty demand (Cotter, para 1-3).
Outside the state, it is impossible to protect the rights of man, as the rights to human beings are infeasible. This was clearly seen when the Nazism refugees after being expelled from their homelands, they only got a temporal acceptance into other states or they lacked acceptance at all. This led to the conclusion that human rights were indeed alienable and thus such a phrase as human rights was a scheme to represent hypocrisy are hopeless idealism. Arendt argued that if proper laws existed, they aught be affordable to all with no conditions whatsoever so long as a person is a member of the human race.
There is a conflict between the man and state sovereignty and universalism and inalienability (Fassin and Vasquez, 402). In this regard, the ability to choose membership depicts full sovereign power in totality. Today we are living in a new global political system and this means that the ability of people to loose and never gain their right to belong is too high. This is because the world we are living in today has become more of a small village (Helis, 73-78).
Conclusion
Following the above discussion as prompted by Arendt, it is thus acceptable to reason as Arendt does, that indeed human race would require a new law to guarantee human dignity. Human laws and agreements are made by man and in no one way can be without the man himself. However, authority is instigated to oversee the workability of the laws. Nevertheless, the existing laws have largely been seen to fail and this would necessitate review and possible designing of others in order to facilitate the rightful living and coexistence between people. Failure with the government is equally to blame for the desperation with citizens by her failure to guarantee security and general responsibility. A relationship abides between the state rights and individual rights and would need great stewardship, which may not be readily available with the current ideological existence.
Works cited
Cotter Bridget, “Hannah Arendt and “the Right to Have Rights” nd. Web. 18 November, 2013. < http://isanet.ccit.arizona.edu/noarchive/cotter.html>
Fassin Didier and Vasquez Paula, “Humanitarian exception as the rule: The political theology of the 1999Tragediain Venezuela” American ethnologist, 2005. 32(3): 389 – 405
Helis John. “Hannah Arendt and Human Dignity: Theoretical Foundations and Constitutional Protection of Human Rights” journal of politics and law. 2008. 1(3):73-78
Total sales of the product category
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Market Share
Sales of a brand x100
Total sales of the product category
1 X 100= 0.245
245
This shows this brand to be competitive as compared to the others. It also means a great performance for this product. Factors such as increased popularity have increased the sales of this product in particular. This calculation of the market measure has enabled the Company to know how well they are doing as compared to the other companies that have the same product.
The values of the market share can be determined by the changes that are brought about by penetration. Thus higher share brands bring out a bigger result as compared to the brand shares that are lower.
Penetration
Number of Brand Buyers X100
Total number of customers (shoppers)
83X100=33.87 %
245
This figure is actually low hence can bring out the meaning that the purchase levels are high. But this figure is only related to a one time purchase as compared to more than one purchase.
Average Purchase Frequency
Number of purchases of the brand
Number of brand buyers.
83= 0.339
245
These differences show a variation in the purchases for this brand in particular. The value here is low hence it means that there is a low purchase rate. In the case whereby the figure was higher, then this would be interpreted to mean that the brand is being purchased in huge numbers. This brings out the number of times the product has actually been purchased.
Category Buying Rate
Number of purchases from the category, made by brand buyers.
Number of brand buyers.
1= 0.20
5
This helps the company to determine which category is mostly favored by a particular group as compared to others. For example, it can be observed that the product is particularly popular with a certain gender or age within the overall population.
If a certain category is found to purchase the product as compared to the others of different demographic categories this will bring about a change in the size of the repertoire as the frequency and the value keeps on increasing as a result of some changes.
Share of Category Requirements
Average Purchase FrequesncyX100
Category Buying Rate
1 X100= 0.14
7
It relates to the consumers in particular This value indicates the values that the customer has spent in relation to that product in particular.. Hence a higher figure means that the consumer is spending less on the product while a higher figure means that the consumer is spending a higher value on the particular product.
In these calculations, there is inconsistency with the heavy usage index in particular. A higher value actually means that the consumers who purchased the product are enjoying its usage while a lower value means that the consumers do not enjoy its value. In this case since it’s a consumable product then chances exist that the consumers do not actually enjoy the taste of the product as compared to other products in the market.
Solely Loyal
Number of brand buyers who did not purchase any other brandX100
Number of brand buyers
1 X100=33%
6
This value indicates that the heterogeneity of the product is less. The probability of the individuals having to make the same choice in the purchases is less meaning that they have divided their interests widely among other products.