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Differences between database design models and database management systems (DBMS)
Database Management systems
Differences between database design models and database management systems (DBMS)
Database Management System Description Comparison
Microsoft Access This is a DBMS that combines graphical user interface with relational Microsoft jet database engine. It stores data based on the Access Jet Database Engine (Davidson, 2001). As well, it directly imports data that is stored in other databases or applications. AS Davidson (2001) explains, this system facilitates storage and retrieval of data from computer’s hard drive. It is used for data sharing, long-term data storage and data manipulation and collection. According to Davidson (2001), users of Microsoft access systems can create reports, forms, queries and tables and connect them with micro. Microsoft access is easy to use in comparison with other systems. According to Davidson (2001), it can handle large number of records compared to the other systems. However, it is slow in performance compared to SQL Server system (Rhine, 1996). Like the other database management systems, Microsoft access allows access to a database by more than one user. However, it does not operate well when a database e is accessed by more than five persons, unlike SQL Server and client-server systems (Rhine, 1996).
Also, Microsoft Access has no ability to implement stored procedures, transaction logging and database triggers, like the Client-server relational database management system do (Rhine, 1996). Unlike the other two servers, the latest version of Microsoft Access system stored procedures and table-level triggers that are built into ACE data engine. Also, Access is able to build reports, forms, queries, tables and Macros from the web, unlike Microsoft SQL Server and Client-server relational database management system (Rhine, 1996).
Microsoft (structured query language) SQL Server system This is a relational DBMS developed by Microsoft, whose main function is to store and retrieve data on the same computer or others across a network (Stonebraker, 2010). Its scope includes schema creation and modification, query, data insert, update and delete and data access control. It is also used to create enterprise, web-based and desktop database applications. According to Stonebraker (2010), this system can be used together with Microsoft access as an alternative to jet database engine. It is compatible with Microsoft Access to the extent that SQL statements can be used directly in Micro to manipulate access tables and queries from Access can be edited as SQL statements (Stonebraker, 2010). It is used to store and retrieve data in computer systems, just like Microsoft Access (Rhine, 1996). It is also based on relational database model, just like Microsoft Access and Client-server relational database management systems (Rhine, 1996). It is also similar to Client-server and SQL Server systems in that it allows many clients to use the same server at the same time. However, it is not as easier to use and may not be able to handle large Microsoft Access and large number of data compared to access (Rhine, 1996).
Client-server relational database management system This system is developed based on client-server models and is used in partitioning workloads or tasks between providers of service or resource, known as servers and service requesters, known as clients (Roesch & Henry, 1997). It enables clients to communicate with servers over the same computer but on different hardware. Also, it allows a server and a client to reside in the same system. A server hosts clients and runs one or more programs. A client using this system does not share any of its resources but requests service function or server’s content (Roesch & Henry, 1997). Thus, servers await incoming requests from clients. Both the server and the client exchange informantion in a request-response messaging pattern. A computer may be a server, a client or both and can serve multiple roles. For instance, one computer may run file server software and web server at the same time to relay different types of information requested by clients (Roesch & Henry, 1997). This system is similarly to Microsoft Access and Microsoft SQL Server system in that it is based on relational database management model (Rhine, 1996).. Unlike the above two systems, this system implements transaction logging, stored procedures and database triggers. As well, it is more difficult to use and handles less amount of data in comparison with Microsoft Access (Rhine, 1996).
Differences between Database design models and Database Management Systems.
Database design model refers to a plan describing objects represented by a computer system together with their relationships and properties. It describes real world objects such as orders, customers, suppliers, employees and products. On the other hand, a database management system refers to a collection of programs that enable users to store, extract and modify data from a database (Kruk et al, 1996). One similarity between database a design model and a database management system is that both contain a schema containing a description of information within a database. Secondly, both use tables or diagrams to describe information within a database (Kruk et al, 1996). Third, both describe set of program modules which carry out functions such as data validating and selection. Both may range from predefined features that are completely rigid to flexible. Both are developed to meet predefined requirements of commercial organizations. Also both describe a way in which many users can access or use information in a database at the same time. As Kruk et al (1996) note, both are developed based on specific business rules, depending on how activities are carried out within a particular organization.
However, there are also several differences between databases design models and database management systems. To start with, a database management system is software that is designed to store, manipulate, retrieve and query information within a database. On the other hand, a database design model is simply a plan which is used to develop database management systems (Kruk et al, 1996). Unlike in a database management system, entity types in a database design model are often not identified or are incorrectly identified. This often leads to replication of information, functionality and data structure in a database design model, a feature that is not present in a database management system (Kruk et al, 1996). In a database design model, data cannot be shared electronically with users such as employees, suppliers and customers since its meaning and structure has been standardized. On the other hand, a database management system facilitates sharing of data among users since there are defined standards to ensure than information meets business needs (Kruk et al, 1996).
References
Davidson, B. H, (2001), Database driven, dynamic content delivery: providing and managing
access to online resources using Microsoft Access and Active Server Pages, OCLC Systems & Services, 17(1), pp. 34 – 42
Kruk, A. Westerland, T. & Peter, K. (1996). Database Management Systems: Linking up a
company’s communications, both external and internal, Engineering Journal 103(5), p. 82
Rhine, L. (1996), The development of a journal evaluation database using Microsoft ACCESS,
Serials Review, 1996, 22 (4), pp. 27 – 34
Roesch L. & Henry, L. J. (1997), Client/server systems. The Internal Auditor. 54(4), p. 40
Stonebraker, M, (2010), SQL databases v. NoSQL databases, Communications of the ACM,
53(4), pp. 10 – 11
Differences between American football and soccer in terms of their popularity, how they are played and organizational structu
Differences between American football and soccer in terms of their popularity, how they are played and organizational structures
Name
Institution
Course
Date
Introduction
A sport is an activity that entails physical exertion and skills, whereby a player or team competes against another or plays for enjoyment. It usually composed of activities that need individuals to conquest the playing field and it all entails winning and teamwork. There exist different sporting competitions to entertain and or to determine loser and winner, soccer and football being among.There are variant sporting activities which can be played with hands and feet. American football and soccer are major sporting activitiesthat represent hands and feet sports and the two are widespread among American citizens. Soccer and football are both fascinating, but they have differences and similarities. This research paper explains the differences between American football and soccer in terms of their popularity, how they are played and organizational structures. In comparing the two sports, the researcher conducted an interview with one football and one soccer fan in America. Then arguments of the interviewees were compared and contrastedwith other secondary sources.
The two, soccer and American football are both popular games. However, American football is common only in America while soccer is common globally. The two are at times confusing since soccer in some parts of the world is called football. Even though the two have some similarities, there exists significant difference between them. According to football interviewee (Kenneth Jones) and confirmed by Kumar 2011, football is among the most popular sporting activities in the entire globe. Kumar 2011 further states that people around the world are enthralled when football World Cup commences and this confirms the sport’s popularity. Though the soccer interviewee (Henry Martinez) argue that soccer is more popular than football, his arguments can be on the basis that he is new in football and does not quite understand it well. Henry Martinez says,“Football is new to me and I do not find it fun at all’ (interview, question 7).
How they are played
The most noticeable dissimilarity between American football and soccer is that soccer is played by kicking the ball and goalkeeping is the only person permitted t handle the ball. The American football is however, played by throwing and catching the ball. The American football requires the players to have great muscle and strength. American football can be compared to bulls that have set targets, and so show no mercy on their way to achieve their set goals and reach the target. Other popular actions as witnessed in American football are bone-crushing hits and fights or struggles among players. Soccer, on the other hand, requires intelligence rather than physical power and muscles. Although there is physical contact among the players in soccer, the players’ intentions is not to beat each other.
Enjoyments
Pele, 2008 argues that ever time he watched soccer, he would often fall asleep. According to the author, nothing really takes place between the pitches; everyone just sits there eating popcorn and chatting. The American football, according to the author is a little bit faster or rapid compared to soccer. This brings out the other difference between the two games and this come from their speed and rapidness. This is confirmed by Kenneth Jones, the soccer fan, when he said that he enjoys being a soccer fan and as long as he can afford a god wine, cable and some pop corn and he would keep watching soccer and support his favorite team. On the contrary, Kenneth Jones stated that football makes him hang out with people who share the same passion (interview, question 12 and Pele, 2008).
Objectives of games
The other difference that stands out is the objective of the game. American football’s main objective is t score by carrying the all past opponent’s touch line. When a user does that, it is called a touch down. Scoring can also be through kicking the ball and this is called Field goal. On the contrary, to score a goal in soccer, there is a goal at the field end. The objective or scoring means passing the ball through the opponent’s goal. According to Kumar 2011, normally in American football, a game is played by two teams each having 11 members in the field. However, a team can exist between eleven to 18 members, others being substitutes. In soccer, at times a score is made with the help of head (Kumar M., 2011). In soccer, only the goalkeeper has the mandate to touch the ball by hand. The two games, American football and soccer have distinct conducts and method of moving the ball. The options include kicking, carrying, using head, or throwing the ball.
Winning in the two games, soccer and American football and other football types are similar. The person with highest goals becomes the winner. Suppose the two teams have equal scores at the end of the game, a penalty is used to determine the winner. The other noticeable difference is in the shape of balls (MacGregor, 2013). Soccer normally has spherical ball. To start with, American football is played with elliptically shaped ball while soccer s played with a spherical ball. On scoring the football rewards a team six points for a touchdown, one point for additional point three points for field goal and two points for safety. The other difference is in the field size. American football pitch is 120 yards long, while a soccer pitch ranges between 100 and 130 yards.
Durations of games
The other difference is heighted by Parrish 2014 on the playing times of the two games. Parrish 2014 states that soccer continues for a period of two 45 minutes, for each half. On the contrary, American football has short rests for instance in 40 seconds between different play in the match, and this takes a period of 15 minutes quarter. Parrish 2014 concurs with Kumar 2011 that in soccer only the goalkeeper can touch the ball with hands. The other difference as noted by Parrish 2014 is that soccer only allows three substitutions of player in any single game. American football however permits unlimited substitutions in any game. The wearing also differs between the two, in soccer players put on jerseys, shorts and cleats, while in football, the players put on uniforms, helmets and shoulder pads.
On the contrary, soccer and American football are both outdoor games and ports. The two games are played outside the house or in the field. The other common similarity is that a game in both is played between two teams, each having players with uniforms. In both cases, there exists contact and harmony between the team members and players. The contact also includes collaboration and cooperation between the members and the team leader otherwise known as coach. Additionally, soccer and American football have similar goals, all aspire to win. The two sporting activities have various players grouped into; offensive, defensive and a goalkeeper. The existence of defined strategies in their playing also denotes the similarities between the two sports. Since in soccer the goal posts are on the ground and in American football it is on the air, in the latter it is hard t score compared to soccer.
Flexibility
The other noticeable difference between the two is that they have different ways in which the balls are passed. The American football players tend to have higher flexibility whereby they can use both hands and feet in passing the ball. On the contrary, in soccer only legs are allowed while hands are not permitted. The other difference is on their referees. There are five referees in soccer while American football has one referee. On score, the two differs in that for soccer one pint is one goal while in American football, points differ by scores. One score contains six points, the next one contains three points, and the final has two points.
According to Buchanan and Swiboda 2004, the playing field in soccer, for one thing, while not nearly as open a space as a go boards, is considerably less striated than the football field, which in addition to having goals, is striated that every yard-line is marked (Lidsey, 2002). The degree of distinction and hierarchies among soccer players is also considerably less than among football players. Soccer players are not as interchangeable as go pieces, but offensive and defensive players ad activities alternate roles far more fluidly in soccer than in football, which stops the action and substitutes entire teams n changing from offence to defensive and back. In soccer, offensive players play defense and defensive players play offensive far more routinely than in football, where such role-changes are exceptional and very short-lived (Lidsey, 2002). Buchanan and Swiboda 2004 also note that soccer team exhibits almost no internal hierarchy, whereas football teams are rigidly hierarchies, with linesmen doing the grunt-work and quarterbacks calling the plays.
References
Buchanan I., and Swiboda, M., 2004. Deleuze and Music. Deleuze Connections Series. Publisher Edinburgh University Press, 2004
Kumar M., 2011. Difference between Football and Soccer | Difference Between. Retrieved from http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-football-and-soccer/#ixzz30NmxLfp1 on 30th April 2014.
Pele, 2008, Pele: The Autobiography. Publisher Simon and Schuster.
Parrish 2014, Similarities & Differences Between Soccer & Football. Retrieved from http://www.livestrong.com/article/375126-similarities-differences-between-soccer-football/ on 30th, April, 2014.
Lidsey E., 2002. The Bigger Bang. Publisher Cambridge University Press.
MacGregor, J., 2013. An American perspective on race in European football. Retrived from http://www.espnfc.com/blog/_/name/espnfcunited/id/6361?cc=3888.
A Contrast And Comparison Essay On This Is Our Youth And All American Poem
A Contrast And Comparison Essay On ‘This Is Our Youth’ And ‘All American Poem’
It should be known that in every text there is a message that is extremely vital. This is because it has the ability of portraying information that needs to be known by its readers. Communication is considered being the most essential aspect of any text, whether it is in poems or plays. Some of the most common methods of portraying texts are through language, characterization, and tone, among others. The play by Lonergan, and the poem by Dickman, is a way through which communication takes place. The key themes that are present in Dickman’s and Lonergan’s poem and play respectively are the elements, which affect young people as they progress into adulthood. The latter includes; Sexual liaison, theft and drug use, among many others.
This paper seeks to give an analysis on the differences and similarities of the major themes in Lonergan’s and Dickman’s works.
Analysis of major themes in ‘This is our Youth’ and ‘All American poem’
Dickman and Lonergan seem to believe that in the United States, life is often difficult for the youth as they try and transit into adulthood. This is because they are faced with many challenges in their lives. It is often difficult for the youth to escape from the miserable lives that they are living due to peer pressure. This scenario is present in the play ‘Thus is our youth’ by Lonergan. The main character is Warren and his friend Ziegler who are teenagers and are just about to reach adulthood. They have left their homes in order to leave on their own, but have used different approaches (Lonergan, 2000. 24). Warren stole money amounting to fifteen thousand dollars from his father as an act of defiance. The stolen money is to be used by Warren as upkeep away from home. On the other hand, Dennis is lucky as his father has agreed to rent an apartment for him in New York, at the Upper West Side. Dennis and Warren encounter a lot of trouble as they live their lives, and it can all be blamed on the decisions that they have made. The road to adulthood has many barriers such as sex, drugs and theft, which seem to affect the lives of Warren and Dennis. According to Dickman, the youth of American are faced with many problems, which they find extremely difficult to handle. They seem to lack proper guidance and in turn, engage in undesirable behavior that affects them once they attain adulthood (Dickman, 2008. 38).
Often, before one reaches adulthood, they experience many problems and this are despite the different backgrounds where they come. Most parents tend to ignore their children once they attain a certain age. Other times, it is considered mandatory that once teenagers are about to become adults, they should leave home. The lucky youth who come from affluent backgrounds are supported by their parents and this is not applicable to the poor youth. The future is determined by the actions, which they make. For example, the need by Warren and Dennis to engage in selling drugs had a likely negative outcome. The outcomes include being sent to jail or losing their lives as a result of engaging in deals that are not successful. Only the present situation seems to matter to the youth as engaging in sex, alcohol and drugs is part of their desires. Maturation is an ideal that needs to be instilled among the youth as it can affect their lives’ outcomes. Dickman is interested in matters related to human existence because it gives people an aim in life. Also, the American youth should know about these extremely key issues in order to ensure that they lead lives that are meaningful. Furthermore, parents, academic institutions, as well as the media, should always portray a positive image to the youth. People will always have a passion for the things, which they cherish and love. This means that the youth will be infatuated and misinterpret it to mean love. Warren cherished his baseball cap and when Jessica attempted to have it, Warren felt disgust towards her.
The issue concerning morality and values is indeed one that needs to be addressed urgently, especially because it concerns the youth. The latter are faced with an urge to identify themselves so that others can notice them. Identity is often associated with performing evil deeds, which might have serious repercussions. The need to attain a self image makes the youth engage in acts of immorality, which undermines many American values. In Lonergan poem, Jessica and Dennis are aware of their nature and this is what affects their behavior. When the youth are associating with their peers, they tend to want to show off and be recognized by others. For example, Warren and Dennis started selling drugs in an attempt to make easy money and at the same time be known among their peers (Lonergan, 2000. 56). On the contrary, Dickman believes that the youth should make their own decisions and always be confident. In turn, it will be difficult for other youth to try and dishearten them and forge fake identities. By observing and following rules as well as being morally upright, the youth can effectively redeem themselves. Rebelling against authority should not be condoned as it can make them lose their morality.
Matters concerning sex have for a long time been extremely controversial, especially when it pertains to the youth. The latter seem to believe that sex is for pleasure and for fun, as well as satisfying bodily desires. Money is viewed as a means of obtaining sexual favors particularly when it is men who want sex form the other gender (Shelden. Et Al, 2003. 67). In Lonergan’s play, sex is extremely evident as it is a means of obtaining satisfaction. It was at the exquisite Plaza Hotel that Warren enticed young girls for purposes of obtaining sex. He spent the money he had stolen in order to have fun with girls and this can be described as being a lustful affair. The human body is not accorded the respect it deserves, but is instead used for other purposes. The attention and devotion it deserves is something that has been long forgotten. This makes Dickson believe that the American youth are engaging in sex before they are ready or know about the consequences. A lot needs to be done to ensure that the negative aspects of engaging in underage sex are made known to the youth.
Dickman ensures that the life of the American youth is known, mostly in the sectors of personal matters, memories, as well as love matters. He believes that the United States is a country that is extremely broken and most especially it is the youth who are affected. He further believes that it is the nature of human beings to engage in acts that are not acceptable, especially when they are in their youth. According to him, this is a rite of passage, which the youths have to pass (Dickman, 2008. 49). More should be done for the youth of America as they are the ones who are the generation of the future. The effective use of humor in the ‘All American Poem’ has made it known that the youths have a chance of having a fulfilling future. This is because the youth will be aware on what it takes to escape from problems such as drugs and sex. On the other hand, Lonergan has made it clear that it is through peer pressure and family background that the youth are who they have become. A positive environment should be created for the youth, in order to make their future lives have a purpose and well as meaning.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the message being brought about by Dickman and Lonergan is that the youth should live meaningful lives. They should not engage in negative vices, which will affect them and other generations in the future. The American youth should be positive role models who can make something of themselves. From the given literature, is clearly evident that attaining adulthood is not an easy task, as a long the youth still face many challenges. In turn, more should be done to make the transition process as smooth as possible.
Work Cited
Lonergan, Kenneth. This is our Youth. New York: Overlook TP, 2000.Print.
Dickman, Mathew, All American Poem. New York: American Poetry Review, 2008.Print.
Shelden, Randall. Et Al. Youth Gangs in American Society (Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice Series) New York: Wadsworth. 2003. Print.
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