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Despite the world as a whole
The Causes and Effects of Hunger
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Introduction
Despite the world as a whole producing enough food to sustain all 7.5 billion people, 1 in every 9 people continues to go hungry by the day and this is according to the World Food Programme. The rate of hunger has decreased by 27% since 2000 but despite this, we still have a long way to go. Hunger is defined as the feeling of discomfort that is caused by a lack of food. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region that struggles most with under nutrition with some countries recording 35% of its population lacking a sufficient supply of food. Worth noting, hunger occurs in three forms namely; chronic hunger, hidden hunger, and acute hunger. Acute hunger is the most extreme of all three and is associated with crisis such as disasters and war. Chronic hunger is a prolonged state of undernourishment and is the rifest form of hunger. Hidden hunger represents a form of hunger that occurs as a result of consuming an unbalanced diet that lacks important nutrients such as iron, zinc, vitamin A, or iodine. The purpose of this text is to discuss the causes and effects of hunger. The text highlights poverty, job instability, and climate change as the causes of hunger and poor academic performance, mental health issues, and increased risk of chronic diseases as the effects of hunger.
Poverty and Mental Health Issues
To begin with, poverty and mental health problems is the most common cause and effect of hunger respectively. Poverty is a cause that cuts across both poor and rich countries as the leading cause of hunger. Whether people live in rural or urban areas, poverty affects people from all walks of life. People that survive on an income of less than 1.9 dollars are said to be living in extreme poverty (Gödecke, Stein, & Qaim, 2018). The biggest group of people that live in extreme poverty are small-scale farmers in Sub-Saharan countries and particularly developing countries. This is because they lack access to land to farm enough food to sustain them round the year. Additionally, they also tend to earn meager income from selling their farm produce leaving them unable to buy food and other supplies to sustain them. Hunger and poverty occur in a vicious cycle. Families living in abject poverty end up being undernourished because they cannot access nutritious food and in turn, malnourishment makes it hard for them to work and earn money to buy healthy food. Located in Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo with a population of 77 million is among the poorest countries in the world with the majority of people living below the poverty threshold (Otekunrin, Otekunrin, Momoh, & Ayinde, 2019). DRC had 7.9 million people facing acute hunger as of 2017. As regards effect, mental health issues are a consequence of hunger. Going through hunger is stressful. One has to constantly worry if and whether they will get a meal. This constant worry affects a person’s mental health leading them to suffer problems such as anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and anxiety. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, mothers with school-going children that suffer from hunger have a 56.2% chance of suffering from PTSD and 53.1% are exposed to suffering from severe depression (Piccolo, Milos, Bluemel, Schumacher, Müller-Pfeiffer, Fried, & Martin-Soelch, 2020). Without a doubt, the inability to provide the people you love with basic needs has a traumatic effect on their mental well-being.
Job Instability and Poor Academic Performance
Lack of jobs and poor academic performance are also been linked with hunger. In high-income countries such as the United States, hunger is a result of lack of jobs or jobs with poor pay. The rate of hunger increases when the local and national economies crash. This is because people tend to lose their source of income leaving them exposed to hunger as they do not have the purchasing power to buy food. For example, a person that has been incarcerated and later released from prison often faces a wide range of discrimination in society. It is difficult for them to secure employment once they reintegrate back into society because they have a criminal record. Another example is single-parent households. Such families are at risk of going through hunger because there is only one parent and they might not have the capacity to work enough hours or take multiple jobs because they have to take care of their children and they are not in a position to pay for childcare. Worth noting, hunger affects the academic performance of students. This is because concentrating in class while one is hungry is difficult. Roaring stomachs cause students to be aggressive, hyperactive, and cranky. These issues often distract children and make them lose focus on their academic work which leads to learning disabilities and developmental delays. Research shows that 50% of children going through hunger often repeat a grade and identifying a hungry child can be hard.
Climate Change and Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases
Climate change and increased risk of chronic illness are other common causes of effects of hunger. The poorest of the developing countries, despite contributing to climate change are already feeling its effect. Climate change continues to pose a risk to water security and destroying food. This is the biggest environmental challenge that the world continues to face. If we manage to fight the challenges posed by climate change, we will be one step closer to eliminating hunger in the world. Without climate change, it would be a challenge to feed the entire population. With the global population expected to hit the 9 billion mark by the end of the century, sustaining the population will become even harder if agricultural production from available farmland does not increase. Global warming is also contributing immensely to hunger and malnutrition. Drought causes crops to dry up and this affects the livelihood of many farmers. Hunger also translates to chronic diseases. The U.S Department of Agriculture (USDA) has found a strong link between hunger and chronic illness such as diabetes, blood pressure, and heart disease. As a matter of fact, 58% of households that collect food from the Feeding America network have at least one member suffering from blood pressure and 33% have at least one member with diabetes (Montagrin, Martins-Klein, Sander, & Mather, 2021). Skipping breakfast is one thing but the more meals one misses the more their chances of suffering from hunger and other associated problems.
Conclusion
In closing, the problem of hunger is an issue that affects people from all walks of life. It is the one problem that cuts across regions and affects people from rural and urban areas alike. Some of the common causes of hunger have to do with poverty, job instability, and climate change and the effects of hunger pertain to poor academic performance, mental health issues, and increased risk of chronic diseases. Without a doubt, hunger is avoidable. If the world produces enough food to feed the entire global population, then we should not have to deal with hunger issues. High-income countries such as the United States should join forces with United Nations entities, government agencies, and civil society organizations to eradicate the problem of hunger in the world. Further, at the individual level, people should do what they can to fight poverty. This includes supporting the poorest people in the society with food as well as opportunities for sustainable livelihoods.
References
Gödecke, T., Stein, A. J., & Qaim, M. (2018). The global burden of chronic and hidden hunger: trends and determinants. Global food security, 17, 21-29.
Montagrin, A., Martins-Klein, B., Sander, D., & Mather, M. (2021). Effects of hunger on emotional arousal responses and attention/memory biases. Emotion, 21(1), 148.
Otekunrin, O. A., Otekunrin, O. A., Momoh, S., & Ayinde, I. A. (2019). How far has Africa gone in achieving the zero hunger target? Evidence from Nigeria. Global Food Security, 22, 1-12.
Piccolo, M., Milos, G., Bluemel, S., Schumacher, S., Müller-Pfeiffer, C., Fried, M., … & Martin-Soelch, C. (2020). Effects of hunger on mood and affect reactivity to monetary reward in women with obesity–A pilot study. PloS one, 15(5), e0232813.
Criminal Case Minnesota
Criminal Case: Minnesota v. Chauvin (2021)
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Criminal Case: Minnesota v. Chauvin (2021)
A description of the Crime in its Historical Setting
The criminal case that this paper will focus on is the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin: 27-CR-20-12646, which involves the trial of police officer Derek Chauvin. Accused of unlawfully killing George Floyd in 2020, the court convicted Chauvin in April 2021 for Murder and manslaughter (Cappelli, 2020). The trial started on March 8, 2021, with Judge Peter Cahill of Hennepin County presiding over the case. George Floyd, a Black man was arrested on March 25, 2020, by Minneapolis law enforcement officers who had been informed that Floyd had made a purchase using a fake $20 bill at a grocery store. During his arrest, Derek Chauvin, a white police officer pressed his knee against the neck of Floyd as he laid face-down on the ground while in handcuffs. From the case, Chauvin ignored all calls by Floyd that he was experiencing breathing difficulties and was in need of medical assistance, resulting in Floyd’s death. The autopsy report generated independently by Floyd’s family and Hennepin County medical examiner concluded that the demise of Floyd was a homicide ensuing from the incident (Dreyer et al., 2020). The case sparked a lot of public outcry for justice for Floyd resulting in the major Black Lives Matter Movement.
Specifically, the incident of Floyd’s death was filmed and shared broadly on all media platforms, resulting in global protests on civil rights, racism, and police brutality. The initial events began on May 26, 2021, in Minneapolis-St. Paul. Notably, the first event outside Minneapolis that was organized in response to Floyd’s death was planned by Rev. Michael Pfleger and Chance the Rapper on May 26, 2021, in Chicago (Cappelli, 2020). These events among many other protests globally that happened and intensified gradually prompted comprehensive coverage by the media. Floyd’s case attracted a lot of activists’ interest worldwide, especially about the racial profiling of African Americans by law enforcement. The video of Floyd’s final moments triggered global outrage and protests against racial violence and police brutality, in the attempt to seek justice for Floyd (Cappelli, 2020). As such, the courts’ perception of Floyd’s case was also influenced by the protests and activism across the United States and the world. The people were seeking justice and the courts were obliged to deliver the people’s will. This is evident by the live streaming of the court proceedings throughout the trial of the officers involved in Floyd’s death on all media platforms. There was also a gathering of citizens in Minnesota outside the courthouse and crime scene to listen to the verdict.
A Theoretical Analysis of the Crime Event
The incident of George Floyd and the four police officers shows that Floyd’s rights were infringed when the police officers failed to aid him when he complained of breathing difficulties. It is apparent that United States citizens are guaranteed equal protection under the law as stipulated in the 14th amendment (Cabrera, 2018). This is not the case in Floyd’s incident since he was unjustly killed by Chauvin while the other police officers who were present did nothing to prevent Floyd’s death. Therefore, this context can be explained clearly using the Critical race theory (CRT). The CRT states that the United States social institutions such as the criminal justice system have inherent racism embedded in regulations, laws, rules, and procedures that result in varying outcomes by race. Therefore, the theory attempts to address the racism that is deeply rooted in American society and was as challenges the law enforcement’s ability to protect people of color (Cabrera, 2018). In the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin, it is evident that the police officers failed to protect Floyd from harm because of his ethnicity, instead actively contributed to his death.
The CRT provides emphasis on the principles of the Fourteenth Amendment, the constitutional clause that assures all populaces equal protection under the law (Cabrera, 2018). It shows that there is an inherent racial prejudice in the law enforcement system where the minority population is deprived of their constitutional rights based on inferiority. For instance, scholars of the CRT demonstrate that the American legal systems built by white people are founded in their own self-interests at heart, and as such, the voices of the minority are ignored (Gabriel et al., 2021). Critical race theorists, therefore, strive to establish a comprehensive understanding of the institutional nature of racism in the attempt to eliminate all race-based and other unjust hierarchies. They show that race is not a biologically grounded attribute that distinguishes subgroups of human beings physically rather a social construct that people utilize to oppress and exploit individuals of color (Hoofnagle et al., 2020). As such, the CRT clearly explains the acts of Chauvin and his colleagues as typical of the flawed criminal justice system in the United States where people from minority groups especially African Americans are exposed to racial violence or police brutality without any legal measures against the perpetrators. The outcome of Floyd’s incident portrays the gradual shift in this narrative where people have explored alternative approaches to secure justice against racial prejudice as well as equality within American social institutions.
A Description of Media Involvement and Coverage of the Case from Investigation to Disposition
The media was primarily involved in the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin from the crime scene to the trial proceedings. For instance, the main agent that prompted national outrage was the video taken by bystanders who witnessed the arrest of Floyd. The video was shared globally via social media platforms and in other media channels creating public awareness. The video was aired on national television and shared on social media platforms. This led to worldwide awareness and public involvement via protests and activism. Therefore, the three major networks including CBS, ABC, Fox News, and NBC played a major role in covering the court proceedings in real-time by disrupting commonly scheduled programming to air the verdict (Henderson et al., 2021). The cable news and other key networks remain active in creating public awareness regarding the details leading to the verdict of the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin. For instance, CNN provided a detailed recap of the charges against the defendants, which ensured that the viewers who missed some details of the trial got all the intricacies of the charges (Motala, 2020). Furthermore, TV news outlets also played a major role in elucidating the facts as well as analyzing the possible implication of these facts for the people to understand and predict the direction the verdict may take in due course. Political and legal analysts from different Networks engaged in daily conversations on TV and radio to explain and analyze different facts that were unveiled during the court proceedings. The verdict that was ruled in the court was positively received by the public and the different media networks, all asserting that justice have been served.
Most of the predictions by the political and legal analysts from different cable networks across the world as well as on various social media platforms argued for a guilty verdict. Based on the undisputed video evidence showing Chauvin pressing his knee against Floyd’s neck while ignoring Floyd’s cry for a room to breathe was used as the key reference for analysis and verdict prediction in different media channels and platforms (Dreyer et al., 2020). Everybody who had the chance to appear on any media channel asserted their support for protests against police brutality and racial violence. Social media played a significant role in uniting people across the globe towards a single goal, justice for Floyd and other unjust violations of equal protection laws worldwide (Dixon & Dundes, 2020).
A Perspective Concerning the Media Effect on Case Outcomes
It is evident that the extensive and detailed media involvement and coverage of the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin had a direct influence on the case outcomes. For instance, most of the activism and protests nationally and worldwide advocated for the implementation of the Fourteenth Amendment, under the constitutional clause that assures equal protection rights under the law (Reny & Newman, 2021). People argued that the police officers who apprehended Floyd violated his constitutional rights by bringing physical harm to the unarmed citizen. Furthermore, Floyd informed the law enforcement officers that he was not breathing well but they ignored his requests, leading to his demise. This incident was not well received in the public domain, and as such, most analysts on national televisions, radio stations, and social media platforms explained the case details that all leaned towards a guilty verdict (Dixon & Dundes, 2020). This often has a substantial impact on court decisions since the coverage of outraged citizens and protests that led to President Trump threatening to involve the military to a greater extent prompts the judges to bend the law in favor of the public demand. If the court refused to convict and sentence Chauvin, then further public outrage and intensive violence would erupt and would end in a more physical altercation between the people and the law enforcement. As such, the case outcomes were significantly influenced by what the media portrayed about the case proceedings and the intricacies of the charges. Considering the fact that the proceedings were aired live on national televisions, the public was informed about each step of the case, and as such, any decision that would demonstrate favoring the defendant would prompt a negative public response (Reny & Newman, 2021). Therefore, the guilty verdict from the case of Minnesota v. Chauvin was a resultant of the apparent evidence and public outcry for a just ruling.
References
Cabrera, N. L. (2018). Where is the racial theory in critical race theory?: A constructive criticism of the crits. The Review of Higher Education, 42(1), 209-233.
Cappelli, M. L. (2020). Black Lives Matter: The Emotional and Racial Dynamics of the George Floyd Protest Graffiti. Advances in Applied Sociology, 9(10), 323.
Dixon, P. J., & Dundes, L. (2020). Exceptional injustice: Facebook as a reflection of race-and gender-based narratives following the death of George Floyd. Social Sciences, 9(12), 231.
Dreyer, B. P., Trent, M., Anderson, A. T., Askew, G. L., Boyd, R., Coker, T. R., … & Stein, F. (2020). The death of George Floyd: bending the arc of history toward justice for generations of children. Pediatrics, 146(3).
Gabriel, R., Mccabe, J. G., & Ying, R. C. (2021). Redefining Bias in Criminal Justice. Criminal Justice, 36(2), 18-23.
Henderson, H. M., Camara, A. F., Schwartz, J. C., & Colbert, C. (2021). Panel I Discussion: The Criminal Justice System:” George Floyd Bill” & Qualified Immunity. The Bridge: Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Legal & Social Policy, 6(1), 2.
Hoofnagle, M. H., Mubang, R. N., D’Andrea, K. J., Joseph, B. A., Christmas, A. B., & Zakrison, T. L. (2020). Eastern association for the surgery of trauma statement on structural racism, and the deaths of George Floyd, Ahmaud Arbery, and Breonna Taylor. Annals of Surgery, 272(6), 911.
Motala, T. (2020). “Foreseeable Violence” & Black Lives Matter: How Mckesson Can Stifle a Movement. Stan. L. Rev. Online, 73, 61.
Reny, T. T., & Newman, B. J. (2021). The Opinion-Mobilizing Effect of Social Protest against Police Violence: Evidence from the 2020 George Floyd Protests. American Political Science Review, 1-9.
Despite sexual assault being a lonely and experience which is frightening, there various ways in
Recovery
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Recovery
Despite sexual assault being a lonely and experience which is frightening, there various ways in which one can recover from the trauma. The emotions arising due to the act are sometimes uncontrollable. The victim to recover from the assault will take some time but the emotions to be calmed are one of the difficult situations to deal with. The victim may forgive but the memories will remain alive in the mind. There are various strategies which can be employed for the individual to recover from the condition.
During the immediate phase Lucy will have intense physical and emotional feelings which might seem to be uncontrollable and a considerable distress might follow. One needs to that these feelings are normal during this phase and trauma is always present. The situation will take time to subside therefore the victim will need to be encouraged to stay calm.
The other phase is the outward adjustment which is accompanied by feelings which are pervasive. One may experience naughty dreams which are in correlation to sexual assault and these dreams may make the individual feel that lacks personal safety. One will need to remain calm and this condition will take a couple of weeks and the mastery of dreams will be regained once again.
The final phase is known as integration or resolution phase. The experience from the previous phase may overlap this phase and the most common experience are fear and lack of personal safety. The conditions will be overcomed with right support and guidance which build up new strengths and insights (Matsakis, 2003).
The rehabilitation process of Lucy will be based on various counselling sections held and programs on how she can reform from being drug addict. This can only be done by a medical counsellor who can handle both conditions at one. Lucy can respond to the traumas from sexual assault and drug abuse through realising her self-worth and accepting the current condition and then move on with her own life.
Reference
Matsakis, A. (2003). The rape recovery handbook: Step-by-step help for survivors of sexual assault.