Recent orders
Criminal Investigations. Evidence is very valuable in the investigative process
Criminal Investigations
Name of student
Institution
Investigations
Evidence is very valuable in the investigative process. In criminal cases, evidence is used by detectives to support their position regarding the suspects. This facilitates the process of clearing cases by confession. In addition, physical evidence has been found to improve convictions and clearances in robbery and burglary cases (Horvath and Meesig, 1996). These cases have a tendency to have low resolution rates where evidence is not available. According to Horvath & Meesig (1996), evidence is also used to establish the main elements of the crime, to exculpate the innocent, and to validate the testimony of the victim.
The chain of evidence is the sequential process followed in the investigative process (Horvath & Meesig, 1996). Adhering to this chain enables the prosecution to confirm several aspects of the crime. It shows when, and where the evidence was obtained, who obtained it, how it was secured and by who, and also anyone that had possession or control of the evidence (Horvath & Meesig, 1996).
Several rules apply when acquiring written statements from witnesses. Firstly, the witness should be protected from any risk of intimidation during the exercise (Horvath & Meesig, 1996). Secondly, the statement is taken as soon as it is possible, when it is still fresh. Thirdly, the witness should be treated with ultimate courtesy. An environment that guarantees privacy is preferred. Fourthly, the witness must be assured that they are not suspects. Fifthly, the statement should be signed and written with ink, or recorded, in order to get the actual words of the witness. Finally, the statement should be read to the witness so that any mistakes can be corrected before signing.
When acquiring written statements from a suspect, the following rules apply. The words of the suspect are either Witten down with ink, or recorded. This ensures the actual words of the suspect are obtained. Secondly, the suspect should not be cross-examined (Horvath & Meesig, 1996). They are only asked questions to clarify where they are unclear. Thirdly, the statement is read to the suspect after completion. This allows them to make any correction to the statement before signing it. Finally, the suspect’s signature must be witnessed by the people present, or a parent if the suspect is a juvenile.
Reference
Horvath, F., & Meesig, R. (1996). The criminal investigation process and the role of forensic evidence: A review of empirical studies. ASTM International, 41(6), 1-7.
Destination Management – Summary
Destination Management
Destination Management – Summary
The distinctive features of a tourism destination are administrative boundary, accommodations, destination mix, tourism marketing efforts, coordinating organizational structure, adherence to government laws and regulations, mixture of tourism stakeholders and presence of destination image in the minds of tourists. Destination management refers to the process of planning, coordinating and managing tourism activities in a tourism destination. Tourism marketing is the process of communicating to potential customers in order to influence their preference for a tourism destination. The main roles of destination management include partnership and team building, enhancing good relations with community, leading and coordinating, product development, planning and research and marketing and promoting a tourism destination. Thus, destination management is a broad concept and destination marketing is just one of its key roles. Stakeholders in destination management can be divided into five main groups, namely, tourists, government, community, tourism sector organizations and environment.
The 10 As of successful tourism destinations are awareness, appearance, action, attractiveness, accountability, activities, availability, assurance, access and appreciation. Destination governance refers to creation of rules and mechanisms for policy and business strategies. The recent trends in destination marketing include increased scrutiny by the public and the government, higher accountability and transparency and movement away from government-run destination marketing organizations (DMOs) to public-private partnerships. DMOs exist at four geographic levels namely country or national, state/province/territory, county and city and regional levels.
Tourism planning has been in existence for about 50 years. Initially, it was mainly applied in regional development mostly in rural areas in countries such as France and Ireland. Governments used to develop plans which were then applied by urban or regional planners. Emphases were put on physical planning and there was minimal participation by the public. Tourism planning for destinations is influenced by consumers, surrounding communities and non-profit organizations, management and marketing professionals, tourism scholars and planning authorities and professionals. The main benefits of long-term tourism planning include identification of opportunities, ownership of a shared plan, development of clear goals and vision for tourism, greater attention and emphasis for tourism, clearer future directions and effective implementation and evaluation guidelines. The desired outcomes of tourism planning include identification of alternative approaches, adapting to the unexpected, maintaining uniqueness, avoiding undesirable and creating the desirable. The contents of a tourism plan for a destination are the 10 As of successful tourism destinations mentioned earlier.
Tourism planning destinations occur at four main geographic levels, namely, national, sub-national, area and local levels. The tourism planning process for destination management involves development of planning policies and principles, engaging key participants in the process and communicating the plans. The difference between strategic planning and visioning is that strategic planning involves applying the present goals to build the future while visioning starts with the future and works back to the present. Destination visioning refers creation of a clear description of how a destination should look like after the laid strategies are fully implemented and full potential is achieved. It involves coming up with an expression or creation of a clear picture of how a destination should be in the future. The advantages of using tourism planning toolkits include description of the roles of the local government in tourism, assisting local authorities in financial and strategic planning, ensuring that there is appropriate investment in services and infrastructure for tourism, provide examples of good practice and providing links to existing resources and reports covering the main topics.
References
Criminal Investigation. Rand’s recommendations
Criminal Investigation
Name
Institution
Criminal Investigation
Rand’s recommendations
In their first response, Rand recommended that patrol officers ought to be in an investigatory role. They were supposed to conduct preliminary investigations of crime and other felonies. According to Rand, this was supposed to provide an adequate basis for case screening and also to ensure that there were no redundant cases where an investigator was to repeat the same process CITATION Mic13 l 1033 (Lyman, 2013). The report alluded that preliminary investigations would ensure closure of most cases. According to their prior research, it found that only three percent of cases involving investigative team was solved.
In addition, Rand shows that less than half of all arrests made were successful in conviction. In this respect, Rand suggested that, further to post-arrest investigation, the prosecutor handling the given case should personally coordinate all the activities relating to it. He also pointed out that the prosecutor should be allowed to offer guidance in the process. The exercises’ intention was to ensure that a higher percentage of arrests were tried, and possible convictions are successfully made CITATION Mic13 l 1033 (Lyman, 2013).
My Opinion.
Rand’s allusions were valid. Training patrol officers to carry out preliminary investigation would mean correct collection of facts and witnesses before they get tampered with, and hence more credibility in a court of law.
Prosecutor’s major involvement in the investigatory process helps in giving the investigation exercise an objective kind of way of thinking. Amid an investigation, a prosecutor comprehends what avenues he or she might want to seek. This initiative increases the chances of a criminal investigation being a success.
References
BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 Lyman, M. D. (2013). Criminal Investigation: The Art and the Science. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Limited.