Recent orders
The effect of temperature
Engineering
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Engineering
1: The effect of temperature
The temperature of 80oC is good because it aids in obtaining better results and it is below the highest set temperature of 90oC. Starting at a lower temperature of 79oC is better for the experiment because the permeation flux of the process of VMD tends to increase as the temperature of the liquid feed increase in the same conditions of operation. Further, temperature has the impact of increasing vapor pressures, which affects flux, the selection of 80oC as the optimum temperature ensures that temperature does not destabilize the experimental system (Zhao et al., 2013). Higher temperatures and flux also cause mass and heat transfer because of temperature polarization, which indicates a need for starting with a lower temperature. Such a temperature would ensure that quality data is gathered from the experiment and there no sharp differences or instabilities, which emerge from high temperatures at start.
2: The effect of pressure
Pressure has the effect of increasing permeate and rate of feed movement across the membrane. As such, an increment in the pressure results in the increment of permeates and feed rate movement across the membrane. Thus, the selection of the 5000 pa as permeate pressure has the basis of ensuring that there is no need to increase permeates. Hence, the experiment would have the optimum operation conditions at this pressure because the temperature is not being adjusted during experimental process. Furthermore, pressure acts as the key driving force towards ensuring that there is an effective feed movement in the membrane pores. It acts as the energy carrier for the feed movement.
3: The effect of energy
MD heat transfer involves three steps, which are convection, conduction and vaporization in the membrane pores. Thus, the feed boundary layer experiences convection heat transfer while the membrane absorbs the transfer of heat through conduction means. Membrane pores then allows heat to flow in the form of vapor, which is the latent heat of vaporization and the permeate boundary layer has heat transfer, which is the convection. Heat transfer resistance on the phase of liquid feed is dependent on thermodynamics and hydrodynamics while the membrane heat resistance depends on tortuosity, porosity, thickness and pore size (Lee & Kim, 2014). As such, the reduction of the heat transfer occurs as the number of stages increase during the experiment. Thus, there is a different Q value for each of the four stages, which occur during the experimental set-up. The variance in the Q value is because at each stage, there is a difference in the temperature, which heats the feed. The same temperature affects the heat transfer of the feed and membrane permeability, which influences the energy differences.
4: The number of stages
4 stages is the optimum number of stages because there are more than two components transfer, which occur through the membrane of the system. Furthermore, a single stage process would result only in warming the feed between the heater and the inlet and the there would be no condensation for the steam (Cipollina et al., 2012). As such, the four stages ensure that it is possible to maintain lower temperatures and pressures for the system, which results in collection of steam from the condensation process. In addition, four-stage process ensures that there is complete heating of the feed and condensation of the vapor without any trace elements being left behind.
References
Cipollina, A., Di Sparti, M. G., Tamburini, A., & Micale, G. (2012). Development of a
Membrane Distillation module for solar energy seawater desalination. Chemical Engineering Research & Design: Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers Part A, 90(12), 2101-2121.
Lee, J., & Kim, W. (2014). Numerical study on multi-stage vacuum membrane distillation with
economic evaluation. Desalination, 33954-67.
Zhao, K., Heinzl, W., Wenzel, M., Büttner, S., Bollen, F., Lange, G., & … Sarda, N. (2013).
Experimental study of the memsys vacuum-multi-effect-membrane-distillation (V-MEMD) module. Desalination, 323150-160.
The effect of telling patients their lung age (critique)
The effect of telling patients their lung age (critique)
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There are numerous methods and techniques that can be used in collection, presentation and analysis of a given data. The methods depend on the type of data and presentation type the researcher intends to uses. The paper criticizes the presentation of the data collected in the research carried (by Gary Parkes et. all) out to determine the effects of telling smokers their lung ages.
This quantitative research on the effects of informing the smokers on their health status lacks numerous aspects of data collection and presentations. The data collection and presentations weakly relates to the study scope (the conclusions are not drawn from the hypothesis). Though the data objective started that it was primarily aimed to determine the impact of telling patients their approximated spirometric lung age as an inducement for smoking quitting but the data collected is geared towards the effects of smoking on the smokers. It also majors on the diseases that are associated with smoking.
There are numerous scientific hypotheses that can be formed from the study. The study can hence be grouped as multi-purpose. It does not only address one hypothesis but numerous within one. The blanket of all the hypotheses is the effects of telling patients their approximated spirometric lung age. The others can be able to be implied from the way the research question is described. We can have one hypothesis from the conclusion of the whole research. The conclusion addresses the effects of quitting smoking and its effects on other diseases. The hypothesis can be started as; quitting smoking helps the smokers to reduce their chances of contracting other diseases. The other that the writer addresses secretly and quietly in the research is the effects of smoking on the smokers’ health. Smokers are likely to be more pruned to diseases more than none smokers (another hypothesis). The non-smokers are not interviewed or n the study but the research extend and views few aspects concerning health that refers to them.
From the first hypothesis, the dependent variables are the diseases and the independent is quitting smoking (from table two). The diseases and their chances wholly depend on the smoking outcomes. The second hypothesis can have its dependent variable as health and the independent is smoking. The health of the individual is affected by the smoking. This is addressed and presented in the second table.
The type of research can also be dependent on the hypothesis of the research. Taking the intended hypothesis of the researcher, the type of study design is randomized. It uses random assigning of the smokers to either control or the program group. We can refer to it as a true or randomized experiment.
In testing the hypothesis, the problem to be solved would have been created and followed by hypothesis formulation. Design the survey, objectives is then made. This could reduce bias through the design of techniques to be employed. The design would also reduce the probability of errors occurring. The data is then to be examined and interpreted. The examination assists in either accepting the hypothesis or rejecting it. In this case it would have been rejected.
In accordance to the research objective and the hypothesis that he intended, the research test would have been regression test. The differences between the two would have been noted and the deviations identified as well in this kind of test. This could assist him restrict him/herself in the research and minimize the generalization or inclusion of the related factors like in the study.
Though it based on assumptions and estimations but he does not move further to test even the hypothesis. The data were missing for some people who participated and this made it for the research to assume that the information and the outcomes were general and similar to all. This can be seen in table two. It might also be possible that the 38 left out could have caused major deviations in the data obtained. The way the results are presented cannot be considered as the most appropriate way of representing the research. They fail to answer the research questions since the diseases are what are presented. It does not give any satisfactory research finding and hence it moves the data from the scope f the study. The other aspects that are missing in the presented results are the comparison of the two groups. They ought to have compared and the major differences noted. Though a small aspect of comparison is found towards the end of the research but they are not according to the investigation. They only compared the health status of the two groups but failed to identify the effects of informing the smokers of their health status. The tables are not clearly designed and all aspects are not present. The result that was after the data and research was carried out is missing. The research fails to indicate clearly the effects but learns against the other factors like diseases.
In conclusion, the method that has been used by the research in obtaining the data concerning the effects of informing the smokers about their health, might not fully explored the topic. There are several subtopics that are presented in the data that dilutes the whole data (gives it another direction) rather than the intended meaning and scope. This is the short fall of randomized style of study.
Reference
Gary, P. (2008). Effect on smoking quit rate of telling patients their lung age:
The Step2quit randomized controlled trial. Downloaded from bmj.com on 18 April 2008.
Policy Making in American Nephrology Nurses’ Association (ANNA)
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Policy Making
Question 1:
I am an active member of the American Nephrology Nurses’ Association (ANNA). Its main purpose is to enhance excellent performance through the advancement of nephrology nursing practice as well as positive influence of outcomes especially for patients suffering from kidney disease. In addition, it plays an integral role in nurturing the skills and enhancing the capacities of member nurses. This is attained through providing high quality services, program and educational products (Lesley, 2004).Currently; I am an active member of this association although I admire the post of the regional vice president. Besides being just a member, I participate actively in mobilization. Further, I also contribute to projects and volunteer programs in different areas. This is vital for enhancement of teamwork as well as networking.
In order to attain this, there is need to undertake continued and progressive professional development. Formal education is particularly essential for enhancing skills, knowledge and experience that is imperative for attaining the highest degree of competitiveness. In this regard, I have plans to advance my education level beyond the masters’ level. This would equip me with sufficient skills and knowledge to perform optimally. In addition, I am taking measures to ensure my full certification. In his review, Ulrich (2006) indicates that such legal measures are essential for one to be given full accreditation with respect to membership. Notably, this marks the first step towards full and active participation in the Association.
Question 2:
One of the health partnerships that can be identified in the community pertains to Arizona State and Mayo Clinic Partnership. The joint partnership seeks to investigate the issue of metabolic syndrome. Specific factors that the partnership addresses include diabetes, stroke, cardiac complications, obesity, high insulin levels and excess body fat (Arizona State, 2009). In order to enhance the quality of output, the project draws upon the efforts of a wide range of medical specialists from both specifications. Nursing groups that would take part in these include the professors from the College of Medicine of University of Arizona’s Department of Basic Medical Services. The challenges that this partnership would face entail lack of sufficient human resources as well as other resources required for effective investigation such as volunteers for practical experiment.
In order to counter the former, Arizona State (2010) ascertains that resources from both institutions would be pooled together and used for the study. Participants would be accorded unlimited access to these resources. This would enhance motivation and ultimate performance of the project. In addition, it is worth mentioning that diversifying the team of participants would enhance the quality of output. This is because of the recognition that the factors under investigation are also diverse and require skills form multiple fields. Finally, the issue of volunteers would be addressed through awareness creation and capacity development. Educating the public about the procedures employed would help curb the relative challenges that stem from misinformation. Put differently, volunteers would participate in the project willingly as they would have been given the relevant and factual information regarding the procedure. Thus decision making would be sustainable and based on informed thought.
References
Arizona State (2009). Arizona State and Mayo Clinic partner to Combat Metabolic Syndrome. Retrieved 16th August, 2010 from: HYPERLINK “http://www.newswise.com/articles/arizona-state-and-mayo-clinic-partner-to-combat-metabolic-syndrome” http://www.newswise.com/articles/arizona-state-and-mayo-clinic-partner-to-combat-metabolic-syndrome
Lesley, P. (2004). Dialysis Access: A Multidisciplinary Approach. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 22, 2.
Ulrich, B. (2006). Professional Development in Nursing. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 5, 3.