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The Impact of Canadian Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Domestic Shipments, Investments, Employment and Imports, 1
Research Paper: The Impact of Canadian Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Measures on Domestic Shipments, Investments, Employment and Imports, 1989-2013
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The resultant outcomes of the Canadian International Trade Tribunal in anti-dumping and countervailing responsibility cases under the Special Import Measures Act (SIMA) have an imperative influence on consignments, reserves and occupation in the local industrial and agronomic subdivisions, and on importations of merchandises into Canada. Transnational trade treaties permit nations, including Canada, to execute anti-dumping and countervailing procedures to safeguard their commerce sector against the detrimental discarding and funding of goods by external competitors.
Discarding happens when merchandises are traded and shipped for less than the value of those merchandises in the home-based marketplace, or at insolvent prices. Funding happens when merchandises imported into a republic benefit from extraneous régime fiscal assistance. The Tribunal mutually controls SIMA with the Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA). The CBSA’s role is to govern whether dumping or subsidizing has happened and to implement anti-dumping and countervailing measures. The Tribunal’s role is to define whether the dumping or subsidizing has instigated or is intimidating to cause substantial damage to a Canadian industry.
Anti-dumping and countervailing processes generally gap at the culmination of five years, unless continuous by way of a termination appraisal, in which circumstance the CBSA will amass the duties for an additional five years. An anti-dumping or countervailing measure can be sustained for numerous years by way of numerous expiration appraisals until the CBSA defines that the termination of the procedures is improbable to result in the continuance or reappearance of the dumping or subsidizing, or the Tribunal defines that damage is implausible to persist.
Not unpredictably, when anti-dumping or countervailing actions are in consequence, importations of the dumped or subsidized merchandises tend to decline and Canadian shipments, associated reserves and occupation tend to escalate. This report assesses the influence of Canadian anti-dumping and countervailing measures by approximating what Canadian consignments, reserves, occupation and importations would have been if the inclinations that existed previous to the imposition of the actions had sustained.
As of December 31, 2013, there were 48 anti-dumping and countervailing actions in place. They consequently affected $7.7 billion in Canadian consignments, $0.5 billion in reserves, and nearly 22,000 occupations in the local businesses openly benefitting from the measures. Furthermore, the actions affected $1.2 billion in importations.
While the amount of Canadian anti-dumping and countervailing actions has reduced by around 63 percent from 1989 to 2013, the significance of each portion in terms of its influence on Canadian consignments, reserves, occupations and importations has augmented. From 1989 to 2013, the regular influence per extent on consignments, occupations and importations has augmented by around 493 percent, 215 percent and 317 percent, correspondingly. While, from 1995 to 2013, the typical influence per extent on reserves has amplified by almost 80 percent.
References
Canadian Trade Tribunal (2014) Available from http://www.citt.gc.ca/en/node/6929Accessed on 12th October 2014
Canadian Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Measures (2013) Available from
http://www.bennettjones.com/uploadedFiles/Publications/Guides/Canadian%20Anti%20Dumping%20Guide.pdf Accessed on 12th October 2014
The Special Imports Measures Act (2013) Available from
http://publications.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp424-e.htm Accessed on October 12th 2014
Refined Sugar (1996) Available from http://www.citttcce.gc.ca/en/dumping/interest/consider/archive_pb95002_e Accessed on 12th October 2014
Carbon Steel Welded Pipe (2013) Available from
http://www.citt-tcce.gc.ca/en/dumping/reviews/orders/rr2m003_e Accessed on 12th October 2014
Thermoelectric Containers (2013) Available from
http://www.citt-tcce.gc.ca/en/dumping/reviews/orders/rr2m004_e Accessed on 12th October 2014
Seamless Carbon or Alloy Steel Oil and Gas Well Casing Available from http://www.citt-tcce.gc.ca/en/dumping/reviews/orders/rr2m002_e Accessed on 12th October 2014
Trade and Anti-Dumping Programs Directorate (2014) Available from
http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/sima-lmsi/i-e/ad1403/ad1403-i14-de-eng.html Accessed on 12th October 2014
Anti-Dumping Rhetoric and Reality (2013) Available From
http://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/854.htm Accessed on 12th October 2014
IV United States Anti-Dumping duty investigators regarding Imports from Canada Available
From http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/topics-domaines/disp-diff/section04.aspx?lang=eng Accessed on 12th October 2014
Nursing care to people from culturally and Linguistically diverse backgrounds
Nursing care to people from culturally and Linguistically diverse backgrounds
Introduction
Cultural competence focuses on the capability of a given health system to make better health as well as the wellbeing by incorporating culture in health service provision. As a result, it is measured within all the levels of the health care system. It involves sets of behaviour, attitudes as well as policies that appear together within a system, agency or professionals to conduct their duties efficiently within the cross cultural circumstances. It therefore focuses on four given levels that include the systematic, organizational, and professional as well as the individual level (Servonsky & Gibbons, 2005).
These levels deal with collective issues of fairness in health care access in addition to the outcomes of health. The levels correlate such that competence at either the individual or professional level is strengthened by the systematic as well as the organizational commitment and capability. Cultural competence therefore acts as a vital foundation towards efficient clinical as well as patient centered care. As a notion, it improves the professional in addition to the ethical responsibility of health practitioners and therefore essential for health provision who make every effort to offer the best health care to all the patients (Opper 2006).
Cultural safety on the other hand refers to the experience coming out of the health care beneficiary. Cultural safety has it beginnings from the experiences of the New Zealand nurses intended to bring in positive transformations to the health status of the Maori people of New Zealand. Cultural safety is therefore purposely used to imply deeds to protect from risks patients or communities from health hazards as well as their general wellbeing. It involves considerations towards the physical, social, spiritual as well as patients’ cultural elements (Richardson et.al., 2009).
It is much more similar to clinical safety and enables the patient feel safer in health care interactions in addition to being involved in health service changes. Cultural safety provides individuals with the power to remark on health care resulting in the development of positive experiences. It also allows them to participate in changes involving health services as well as health programs. It openly recognizes the experiences of the beneficiary or the recipient of health care with its major focus being on the clinical health care interaction level with an emphasis on an individual patient. This is mainly based on the patient’s feeling of being secure with regards to health care interactions as well as the practitioner’s individual attitude meaning that the individual attitudinal transformations will by itself positively change the situation of the healthcare (Braithwaite & Majumdar 2005).
Australian health system for instance exists within a socio-political environment that is made up of certain features including cultural discrimination and class grouping. These features impact on the health care system with patients and health care professionals going through various experiences from the system. Clients’ experiences are affected by their ethnicity, race, and class and gender because the various backgrounds of health care professionals are different from those of the clients, hence negative outcomes for the health care processes. Health care staffs therefore go through experiences that affect the interplay involving their interactions.
The phenomenon of the rising culturally and the linguistically diverse communities has received a growing attention in the recent past reflecting disparities with regards to health care access amongst various groups. The occurrences are thought to be due to the political and social instability, environmental catastrophes in a number of countries, economic unsteadiness, refugee schemes as well as the opening of regions and borders by various free nations. Cultural competence and cultural safety however play a number of critical roles towards equal opportunities with regards to better health care for all irrespective of the various discriminative elements (Ward et.al. 2005).
Recognizing the adversity of behaviors and values
Cultural competence and cultural safety play a significant role in the delivery of nursing care to people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. They recognize the adversity of behaviors as well as values within the culturally and linguistically diverse groups in addition to acknowledging the notion of culture being dynamic and individuals as change agents within their respective cultures. Cultural sensitivity as a consequence of cultural competence and safety take the practitioners a step ahead into which they get to acknowledge the legality of the variations in realities as well as the experiences which may be either emotional, historical, social political and economical. It therefore ushers the starting process of person exploration in appreciating how individual attitudes and experiences affects the lives of the others, which is the patients. The understanding helps practitioners get familiar with their own attitudes as well as prejudice within a clinical context (Starr & Wallace, 2008).
Cultural safety alone offer a framework through which practitioners are able to be involved in the engagement with their patients allowing them to stress power as well as control with regards to their individual health as well as that of their wellbeing. With some equivalence to clinical safety, cultural safety is critical towards health professional training and as a conception is of specific significance to the health of the culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Having a focus on clinical interactions and predominantly on power relations involving patients and the health practitioners, cultural safety demands a real affiliation where control is collective between the groups involved within the health care (Servonsky & Gibbons, 2005).
With the application of this, the cultural groups are able to be aware of the historical, political as well as the socio-cultural certainties in the health and the wellbeing of the culturally and linguistically diverse groups. One essential criticism though of cultural safety practice has often been the effective transformation in the health care outcomes involving patients who may not go after the health professional practitioners’ personal attitudinal change; however much willingly they are able to be molded. It therefore requires going further than this stage involving structural transformations in organizational as well as the systematic layers of the culturally and linguistically diverse groups (Servonsky & Gibbons, 2005).
Addressing Health Disparities
Health care professionals come across clients with wide variety of perspectives with regards to health as well as health care. Cultural competence and cultural safety play a significant role in addressing the various health disparities amongst various disadvantaged groups. Cultural competence and cultural safety enables the understanding of the various perspectives involved in health and health care which is critical to addressing the health disparities. Cultural competence is of great significance especially to the public health nurses as it provides a basis for continuous interactions between individuals from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. Other than direct care provision, public health care nurses are in most cases able to act as advocates for the minority populations by coming up with better public policies, health support interventions as well as community-related disease control activities (Starr & Wallace, 2008).
As cultural competent professional care providers, public health nurses are able to efficiently involve themselves in practice, policy making and various advocacy activities that take concerns of individuals from the culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2005), provision of culturally proficient health care has been known to successfully address the disparities of health. As a result of cultural competence, public health nurses and other specialists are authorized to develop the understanding as well as the proficiency with regards to caring for individuals from diverse cultural, socio-economic, racial, educational and ethnic settings. Nurses in this case are held responsible for in view of cultural variations when coming up with and getting used to approaches particular to diverse individuals or groups as in the case of those of the culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (Starr & Wallace, 2008).
Certain factors are often linked with the cultural competent professional health care providers including the public health nurses who have a responsibility of providing health care to diverse communities. Having good knowledge with regards to cultural diversity, they are known to be extensively associated with high level of cultural consciousness, cultural sensitivity as well as cultural competence scores. More over, they are known to express high degrees of self-confidence when it comes to caring for various population groups as well as dealing with related changes involving behavior and practice.
Cultural diversity, cultural consciousness, cultural sensitivity as well as cultural competence make up the four constructs of the health provider level which are in most cases mutually dependant and are all critical for the realization of a culturally harmonious care. Cultural competence considers both the reality that diversity globally is on the rise. The diversity entails culturally and linguistically diverse groups in addition to members of other special population groups for instance the homeless. It is obvious in all life aspects and is different in terms of quantity as well as quantity across various regions and time as changes population and customer base occur (Berry-Caban & Crespo 2008).
Queensland for instance appears as a culturally as well as linguistically diverse state. Having a population of approximately 4.3 million comprising of people from more than 200 cultures and speaking more than 220 languages, it comes out as the most diverse region in the world. Its richness in addition to its diverse community has its roots from the original Australians, Aboriginal and the Torres Island people. The insertion of the culturally as well as the linguistically diverse people in Queensland community goes on to bring richness and enhancing productivity to the state (Opper, 2006).
The culturally as well as the linguistically diverse communities comprise of early and later settlers, immigrants, refugees and the humanitarian entrants. People irrespective of race, religion or other cultural settings have an access to various services involving themselves freely as well as having fair opportunities within the civil society. Whereas some from the culturally as well as the linguistically settings go through success and benefiting positive results of cultural competence, the present truth is that a considerable section of the people from the culturally and the linguistically diverse communities go through difficulties, prejudice, unfairness and racism (Calma, 2010).
Fostering steady and proper display of competency behaviors amongst health care providers
Cultural competence as a behavioral construct, involves actions in reaction to cultural consciousness, diversity as well as sensitivity. This entails an individual’s capability to express particular behaviors in public for instance learning cultures within the community, adapting care with regards to various client needs as well as documenting considerations and adaptations towards care. The goal here lies on promoting consistent as well as an appropriate expression of competent behavior. Public health nurses are endowed with a number of opportunities for culturally varied encounters that impact upon cultural consciousness, cultural sensitivity as well as culturally proficient behaviors.
Cultural consciousness as a cognitive construct reveals an understanding of the dissimilarities that exist between various groups. Cultural sensitivity as an attitudinal construct on the other hand entails individuals’ attitudes to themselves and to others with their sincerity towards understanding within numerous cultural dimensions. Assessing cultural competences from the public health nurses’ individual point of view offers an insight into the various encounters as well as improving care delivery to the customers at risk (Blackman, 2009).
Enhancing sensitivity to the clients health care needs
Cultural competency also acts as a significant approach as it impacts more on how various patients’ access as well as responds to the health care services. Patients along with their health care providers exist and operate within a combination of various cultural arenas. When they interact, their different cultures shape their assumptions along with their perceptions. The cross-cultural interactions between the health care providers and their patients in most cases influence health care choices as well as the outcomes (Berry-Caban & Crespo, 2008).
Additionally, lack of awareness of the patient’s culture normally results into a culture gap that affects quality health care provision. These are often determined by professional, socio-economic, ethnical/race and the community connection. Cultural competency therefore enables the enhancement of the health care services since the health care provision staff become sensitive to the cultural needs of their clients. As a critical skill, cultural competence enables health care providers to enhance their knowledge in addition to appreciating variations between different groups (Tate, 2003).
On the contrary, once the cultural gap is present between the health care providers along with the patients, miscommunications as well as other forms of misunderstandings appear as the consequences thus hindering the successful health care provision. Beliefs and practices with regards to health care should therefore form a critical element in the patient assessment as well as his or her treatment plans.
Implications for nursing practice
Precise assessment of community diversity and its impact is critical to the suitable culturally harmonious health care. For cultural competence to prosper within a given nation and away from a given institution or organization there should be an understanding regarding how cultural competence as a set of organizational objective and practice links to the entire and unchallengeable right to equal opportunity. There should therefore be commitment towards creating equal opportunities (Calma, 2006).
More over, without a clear understanding of the various unique characteristics, the health care provider finds himself or herself at a discrete disadvantage. This is because most of the complexities handled by various professionals serving disadvantaged groups are often made difficult due to lack of bilingual or cultural proficient staff. In order to offer better health care to the culturally and linguistically diverse communities, cultural competency requires to be incorporated within all the health care bodies and be incorporated too in the various curriculums for the training offered to different health care professionals.
Education with regards to cultural competency as well as safety should be incorporated into all the nursing programs’ curricula. This will be able to improve the understanding of other cultures, recognize individual cultural prejudices as well as learning innovative advances towards integrating cultural sensitivity into the practice setting. The idea here lies in expanding knowledge therefore assisting nurses to acquire an understanding of the similarities and variations coming from the various ethnic settings. This eventually enhances the cultural consciousness as well as gaining the capability to recognize the prospective culturally sensitive circumstances (Tate, 2003).
Conclusion
Cultural competence and cultural safety are in no doubt ways of meeting the diverse needs of the culturally and linguistically diverse communities. They act as significant foundation for efficient clinical as well as patient-centered care. It enhances the professional and ethical responsibilities of various health practitioners. Absence of cultural competence among the health care providers offers unfavorable consequences with regards to health care services delivery. Even with the speedily growing populations of the culturally and linguistically diverse communities, there exists a lack of understanding of the impacts as well as implications of the rise in their demographics on the health care professions. It is therefore crucial that the health care providers have crucial skills in order to exchange information (Blackford, 2005).
Bibliography
Berry-Caban, C, S & Crespo, H, 2008, Cultural Competency as a Skill for Health Care Providers, Springer Publishing Company.
Blackman, R, 2009, Knowledge for Practice: Challenges in Culturally Safe Nursing Practice, A Journal for the Australian Nursing Profession.
Blackford, J, 2005, Equity in Care for People of Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Backgrounds, Australian Nursing Journal.
Braithwaite, A.C & Majumdar, B, 2005, Issues and Innovations in Nursing Education: Evaluation of a Cultural Competence Educational Programme, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Blackwell Publishing limited.
Calma, T, 2010, Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Communities, Queensland Council for Social Services.
Garreta, P.W, Dicksonb, H.G, Klinken, A.W & Robert-Forerob, 2008, What do non-English-Speaking Patients Value in Acute Care? Cultural Competency from the Patient’s Perspective: A Qualitative Study, Routledge Taylors and Francis Group.
Jeffreys, M.R, 2005, Clinical Nurse Specialists as Cultural Brokers, Change Agents, and Partners in Meeting the Needs of Culturally Diverse Populations, Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health.
Opper, I, 2006, Cultural Competency: How are we going in Queensland?
Richardson, S, Williams, T, Farrell, M & Finlay, A, 2009, Senior Nurses Perceptions of Cultural Safety in an Acute Clinical Practice Area
Servonsky, E.J & Gibbons, M.E, 2005, Family Nursing: Assessment Strategies for Implementing
Culturally Competent Care, Journal of Multicultural Nursing and Health.
Starr, S & Wallace, D.C, 2008, Populations at Risk across the Lifespan: A Case: Self-Reported Cultural Competence of Public Health Nurses in a Southeastern, Blackwell Publishing limited.
Tate, D.M, 2003, Cultural Awareness: Bridging the Gap between Caregivers and Hispanic Patients, The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.
Ward B.M, Anderson, K.S & Sheldon, M.S, 2005, Patterns of Home and Community Care Service Delivery to Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Residents of Rural Victoria, Australian Journal of Rural Health Blackwell Publishing limited.
The Impact and Implications of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples
The Impact and Implications of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples
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The Impact and Implications of COVID-19 on Indigenous Peoples
Introduction
The corona virus disease is one of the deadliest infectious diseases which have severely affected many people across the globe. First reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 31 December 2019, in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, the corona virus commonly abbreviated as COVID-19 disease is a severe mild respiratory illness caused by a novel coronavirus (a severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) which is transmitted from one person to another through contact with infected people and materials, or through surfaces contaminated by infected individuals. For most individuals, the common signs and symptoms associated with COVID-19 include cough, fever, and shortness of breath, which if not treated progresses to pneumonia, respiratory failure, and finally resulting to death. Considered a global pandemic, various measures and strategies were put in place in order to curb the spread of this pandemic. As the globe respond to the might effects associated with this current health crisis, it is vividly clear that the impacts of COVID-19 indeed are far reaching (Power et al., 2020). Not able to with stand the direct and indirect health effects of the pandemic, the associated social, environmental, and economic effects have significantly affected a vast majority of indigenous communities living in different parts of the world. Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear that the COVID-19 pandemic has raised key issues for the indigenous people ranging from preparation and planning for the pandemic and consequences of the imposed travel restrictions which all impact logistics, service delivery, and the community at large.
About COVID-19
One of the greatest challenges for the COVID-19 pandemic mitigation and control is that not a lot is known by the medical field regarding the disease and all its implications. It is a fairly new health complication that has not been studied prior to its occurrence. Therefore, doctors and other professionals are learning as they go, a strategy that has a lot of setbacks and implications. Following the directive provided by the World Health Organization, a vast majority of individuals and countries globally have been forced to adopt various strategies aimed at protecting themselves and their loved ones from this dangerous disease. According to the WHO (2019), some of the strategies individuals globally have been forced to adopt include, the wearing of masks, maintenance of a six feet distance from other people, avoidance of large congregations, the washing of hand regularly with water and soap , socializing outdoors, minimizing the touching of eyes, nose and mouth, and avoiding contact with infected individuals. In addition, to minimize the spread of this global pandemic from one country to another, different nations had been to suspend international travel and crossing of borders as another way of establishing safe zones for its individuals. While the crossing of borders and restricting of international travels was being implemented by different countries globally, others also increased these measures by instituting lockdown measures restricting cessation of movement within states, especially to mostly affected areas and night curfews to minimize the cases of outdoor socialization among individuals.
Community Impact of COVID-19
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019, most communities around the world have incurred significant impacts associated with this pandemic (Power et al., 2020). The traditional and social livelihoods of numerous indigenous communities have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in more than one way. According to Schleicher (2020), with a percentage of more than 90 percent of the world’s student population being impacted by the COVID-19 measures related to the closure of learning institutions, the world at large is in the verge of the first ever witnessed unprecedented interruption in the education history. One of the significant community impacts of COVID-19 to the Indigenous People is on health. The WHO has focused its COVID-19 measures on preventive strategies, including personal hygiene, quarantine, and social distancing. These efforts may not work for communities that do not operate in conventional and modern structures. Therefore, the result is that a number of people are likely to suffer health consequences including the deterioration of existing healthcare facilities in such communities.
The COVID-19 condition threatens to further worsen the exclusion of indigenous communities’ young persons and children, especially those in rural areas, who in any way cannot access the advanced distance education programs, put in place after the imposition lockdowns due to the limited access to various infrastructures such as electricity and internet connectivity. The impact on education is one that will have far-reaching consequences. Reduced access to education will mean that there will be a generational gap in literacy and ability to advance in learning created by the pandemic on Indigenous communities.
Apart from limited access to education and better health, market closure is another major impact of COVID-19 to most indigenous communities in different parts of the work pandemic (Power et al., 2020). With markets being severely disrupted by the imposition of the COVID-19 related measures and restrictions alongside the impacts on local markets and tourism, fish and livestock markets have been closed preventing fishermen and pastoralists from converting their catch and livestock into cash. This therefore affects the income source for most of these indigenous communities.
Unique Aspects of the Indigenous Communities
The COVID-19 pandemic is posing a great health concern among the indigenous communities in various parts of the world. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic up to date, the indigenous people already experience, inadequate access to essential health care and other key preventive measures such as disinfectants, soap, and clean water. In order to ensure that the services and facilities provided to curb the spread of COVID-19 among the indigenous communities, there is need to include specific need, considerations, and priorities of these indigenous people in order to properly address this global outbreak. For instance, for most indigenous communities around the world, traditional lifestyle is considered a source of their resiliency, but can also pose a concern at this time when imposing measures to curb the spread of COVID-19. Large traditional gathering marked to celebrate special events such as coming of age or harvests involve some of the indigenous communities’ traditions that call for a special need consideration when addressing the COVID-19 outbreak.
Business Impacts
The onset of COVID-19 in December 2019 resulted to a lot of difficulties among the indigenous communities in different parts of the globe. Bearing this in mind, it is important to note theses restrictions also affect the businesses of these people. Most of these indigenous communities are fishermen and pastoralist. By imposing COVID-19 measures, these individuals who depend on suffer due to closure of fish and livestock markets preventing fishermen and pastoralists from converting their catch and livestock into cash. With the closure of markets due to disruption from COVID-19 associated restrictions, a lot of business activities conducted by the indigenous people are as well affected. For instance, lower seafood demand as a result of closure of restaurant reduces the prices and volumes thus affecting indigenous people businesses. In addition, due to COVID-19, numerous companies owned and operated by indigenous communities in different parts of the world have been closed or restricted to operate on reduced hours. Bearing these challenges, even those businesses managing to open face reduced sales due low demands of goods and services and as a impacting their operations. With regard to their day to day business activities, it accurate to note that indigenous communities engage in diverse business operation, but the fishing, agriculture, manufacturing, restaurant, and livestock sectors are some of the most affected business sectors.
Major global business industries are also some of the major entities that have not been able to withstand the impacts of COVID-19. In regard the to the business industry, most of the indigenous communities in different parts of the globe have been known to engage themselves in different business industries. According to Carr (2020), the tourism industry is one of the most common industries indigenous communities tend to be involved in various activities such as entertainment and selling on their indigenous artifacts to tourists. However, following the implementation of travel restrictions in various parts of the world as a mean to curb the spread of COVID-19, the tourism industry has been hit the most and as a result affecting also the indigenous communities (Carr, 2020). For instance, the closure of provisional and international borders and the closure of large cruise ships season will have a huge significant challenge and effect on the Atlantic indigenous community tourism revenues, which in 2017 totaled to approximately $225 million.
Apart from tourism, the fishing industry is another major common industry indigenous communities tend to be involved in. engaging in the sale of fish in order to raise finances for the day to day spending is common practice of indigenous communities (Love et al., 2021). However, there are various impacts of COVID-19 that affect fisheries activities involving indigenous communities. Fish and fish products are highly dependent on the international market. With the imposition of trade restrictions, these businesses suffered quite early as a result of closure of some of their most important markets. While these restrictions resulted to the closure of international markets, the processing sectors also faced closure due to decreased demand from consumers. This significantly appeared to be a challenge especially among women who relied of these post-harvest sectors for work and monthly salaries.
Economies Discrepancies
Over the past decade, major progress has been witnessed in an effort to curb the economic gap between indigenous people and non-indigenous people (Mitrou et al., 2014). In many parts around the world, indigenous communities experience higher rates poverty, poor health, poor die, and other major social problems. These disparities facing indigenous people are found in almost every indigenous community in most countries including some of the wealthiest nations. The narrowing of this economic gap has been a focus and aim of many successive governments in different nations. While this is a continuance progress for some of the nations, other wealthy nations such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand have completely under-resourced the process of human development for indigenous communities in their countries, indicating that indeed there are differences across different countries in terms of the discrepancies (Mitrou et al., 2014). Bearing this in mind, it is therefore clear that despite the efforts of a few governments the issues of economic discrepancies between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples will continue going on for a long time as it has already. If closing the economic gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples is a continuing goal, then there is need to establish new approaches in order to achieve success otherwise, a future of inequality is predicted for the indigenous communities.
According to Mitrou et al. (2014), the existence of discrepancies between indigenous people and non-indigenous people is as result of various reasons such as the lack of a common goal by all governments to strive towards reducing this gap. In this case, it is only a few successful governments that engage in this issue while having no success due to lack of support from other governments. In order to bring to an end the issue of discrepancies between the indigenous people and non-indigenous people, certain contributing factors such as poor health, high mortality rates, lower levels of employment and education need to be addressed. In so doing, individuals will be able to fend themselves and as result reducing these discrepancies. In regard to COVID-19, it is imperative to note that is in fact a major contributing factor of this gap as well. Since the onset of COVID-19, cases of high mortality rates, unemployment, closure of schools have all occurred thereby indicating that the continued establishment of the gap between indigenous people and non-indigenous people.
Conclusion
In summary, COVID-19 is one of the deadliest infectious diseases which have severely affected many people across the globe. Impacting the health, economic, social, and businesses of many individuals, COVID-19 has indeed increased the long existing gap between gap between indigenous people and non-indigenous people. Therefore in order to reduce these discrepancies, there is need for all governments to come together and adopt new approaches in order to deal with this issue. COVID-19 is a dangerous pandemic which if not dealt with in unison can cause further discrepancies between people and nations.
References
Carr, Anna. 2020. “COVID-19, indigenous peoples and tourism: a view from New
Zealand.” Tourism Geographies 22(3): 491-502. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2020.1768433 Love, David C., Edward H. Allison, Frank Asche, Ben Belton, Richard S. Cottrell, Halley E.
Froehlich, Jessica A. Gephart et al. 2021. “Emerging COVID-19 impacts, responses, and lessons for building resilience in the seafood system.” Global Food Security 100494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100494 Mitrou, Francis, Martin Cooke, David Lawrence, David Povah, Elena Mobilia, Eric Guimond,
and Stephen R. Zubrick. “Gaps in Indigenous disadvantage not closing: a census cohort study of social determinants of health in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand from 1981–2006.” BMC Public Health 14, no. 1 (2014): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-201 Power, Tamara, Denise Wilson, Odette Best, Teresa Brockie, Lisa Bourque Bearskin, Eugenia
Millender, and John Lowe. 2020. “COVID‐19 and Indigenous Peoples: An imperative for action.” 2737-2741. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15320 Schleicher, A. (2020). The impact of covid-19 on education insights from education at a glance
2020. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/education/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-education-insights-education-at-a-glance-2020.pdf
World Health Organization (2021). COVID-19 Emergency. Available at;
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019?