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Nursing Assignment
Nursing Assignment
Q1. “Half the rural population in Mozambique has to walk for longer than 30 minutes to get water; only 5% of the rural population have access to piped water.”
Social, educational, and health implications
The lack of access to clean piped water by over half of rural populations in Mozambique presents a number of social problems that disable development agenda in these areas. Most prominent to these problems are gender issues where women and girls in the African context find themselves burdened with the search of water for their families. Gender imbalance in these areas is likely to be aggravated by social distribution of roles, where search of water becomes a major contributor. Alternatively, where water is a rare but a vital commodity becomes a feud resource among communities which lack a sharing platform. The need for survival tactics usually results in conflicts that may end up in ugly incidents of intercommunity disputes and wars.
In addition, education is affected by lack of adequate water among these communities since time consumed in the long distance walks in search of water compromises education time. The most affected are women and girls, which could contribute to poor performance among them even in careers. Men are also affected in some education respects, for instance in looking for water for their animals.
In terms of health, the little water that the communities find is usually contaminated bearing in mind that only 5 per cent of the population has safe piped water. The little clean water found is usually not sufficient for hygiene purposes whereby the remaining part of the population is exposed to related risks. Besides the lost time, it is difficult to concentrate in class if the students think so hard about the water hardship awaiting them at home.
Q2. “Of the 3 billion people who live in urban settings, about 1 billion live in slums. In Kenya, for example, 71% of the urban population lives in slums; in Ethiopia 99%. It takes only 10-20 years for the urban population to double in many African countries.”
What are the health implications of this?
Health issues arise when the housing resources are not adequate since they are usually coupled with issues of drainage, damping, communicable diseases and pollution related complications. In terms of drainage issues, it is not possible to ensure efficient systems in slums since shanty construction of houses and other structures is not expertly done. If construction rules were followed on drainage considerations that touch on health, the ground on which most of the slums appear would be a hindrance to their proliferation. Problems in the flow of liquid waste caused by flooding and blockages that cause exposure to dangerous water borne diseases are always evident in the slums. Stagnant waters in the slums become bleeding grounds for pests and disease vectors that expose the slum populations to diseases.
Damping is also among the worst health scares since the heaping of dirt presents a breeding ground for pathogenic organisms and pests as well. The stench emanating from the garbage also acts a health concern for air borne diseases. In addition, slums are generally crowded and the risk of spread of communicable diseases such as tuberculosis is more potent than in less populated areas. Lack of responsibility for communal cleanliness of the neighborhood may be caused by the high turnover of residents in and out of the slum. In view of the negligent nature of the slum life, there is high pollution also contributed by industries located in the urban areas. Health risks from chemical fumes, solid waste discharge into the drainage system, noise and damping are some of the pollution risks exposed to the slam dwellers.
Q3. “Around 126 million children aged 5-17 are working in hazardous conditions (UNICEF).”
What are the societal and health implications of this?
Apparently, societal implications of minors working in whichever conditions are far more serious than any other social problem facing the modern society. Children exposed to working conditions are forced to abandon their studies and the social impact generated by such early life complication is immeasurable at an age where education is directly related to quality of later life. Adolescent delinquency is likely to arise from among children exposed to hostile early childhood thereby causing a big problem to the society.
Since the hazardous environments that these children work in expose them to serious health complications, the social problems turn on their parents who find it difficult to find money to take care of their health care. In light of the scanty resources available for such poverty stricken areas, finding the appropriate healthcare for the specific complications is not only difficult but also not thought of. It therefore implies that certain causes of death from serious complications of exposure to the hazards are expensive among the poor.
Loss of young lives among the poor to such complications implies that the communities cannot be empowered since their future generation is threatened by lack of appropriate education as well as by diseases that are difficult to treat. Apparently, detoxification of the exposed children could be difficult to assist them to realize their life with ambition just like their normal counterparts elsewhere. The poverty stricken people find it difficult to balance the priorities in the scanty resources due to the problems that sprout from illiteracy which include delinquency, insecurity, disease and other social problems.
Q4. In the African region, coverage for old age income protection is lower than 10% of the labor force.”
What are the societal and health implications of this?
Societal problems occasioned by insufficient coverage of old age care and protection imply that the priorities of the productive population have to be readjusted to take care of the aged instead of the policy framework carrying out that role. Instead of the productive population contributing to their development and that of the country in terms of making undivided input, they find their resources catering for their old members of the family. Bearing in mind that the dependence rate is higher than ordinarily normal, it implies that the productive population always finds it difficult to cater for the needs of their own children and immediate dependants and have to put in more effort to cater for the extra burden of taking care of the aged. Inability to balance these dependants’ needs causes conflicts between the family members who place the responsibility of the aged in the hands of the young and productive population.
Lack of adequate coverage from the national system of care implies that there is high level of suffering among the aged due to health related complications while compared to the developed countries with a better system of healthcare coverage for the aged. Deaths among the poor aged people are painful and earlier than expected due to complications arising from being unattended. Some people may be forgiven to think that the poverty in Africa arises from the curses that the dying aged people leave on their incapable descendants for lack of concern. However, if a little more effort is invested in designing programs to cater for the aged while they are still young, it would ease the burden on the society.
Question One Why Do Humans
History 1301
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Question One: Why Do Humans Create Works of Art?
Art and human beings are two inseparable things. Art is an essential part of human beings. As humans, we are blessed with the ability to develop tools and modify our surroundings. One of the reasons human beings create art is that we use our curiosity to make things around us look more beautiful. We use art to create objects to decorate our surroundings as evidenced in the various types of art that exist, including jewelry, paintings, architecture, sculptures, and design objects that we use in our everyday life.
Another reason for creating art is that it enables us to express ourselves and communicate ideas. For instance, we can express our religious beliefs; we are able to educate people and, at the same time, criticize the elements of society that do not sit right with us. For example, patriotic songs are a form of art used to praise nations and condemn acts of corruption, racism, and police brutality. Another reason why humans make art is that it is a way of recalling past emotions and events. It helps us create a record of a specific place, time, objects, people, and places on how events took place in the past. For example, wedding photographs, battle scenes, and paintings of individuals are considered artistic because they were created to record a particular event.
Question Two: How do Humanities Focus on Human Issues and Influence Culture.
Humanities focus on human issues as its study entails studying about human beings and their cultures. Humanities have a significant influence on arts and culture, which is evident in music, language, colors, and artworks. In my opinion, humanity study is interlinked with human issues because through its study, we are able to ask questions that help us interpret our history and life. By thinking critically and creatively, we gain new insight into human life, including politics, business models, poetry, and paintings.
Humanities entail the study of art; hence it influences the cultures of human beings. Art has the ability to influence culture by influencing the opinions that people may have about something. Additionally, through art, human beings can adapt and instill values in people and translate people’s experiences across time. Art is viewed as a depository for the world where the society stores collective memories about music, literature, paintings and other arts. In my viewpoint, I feel that humanities influence our culture as it involves art, which is used as a means of communication. It enables people from diverse backgrounds and different times to communicate with each other using means of images, sounds, and stories. An excellent example of this is how people are able to dance to any music irrespective of their cultural backgrounds. Another example is when films, songs, and novels are able to raise emotions in the people who interact with them and inspire them for change.
Question Three: Aesthetics of Music
Music has the ability to tap into how we feel, the way we think, and how we perceive different things. Whenever we listen to a song or a piece of music, we react to the particular characteristics of value to our musical sensibilities. This artistic value is not only independent but also aesthetic. Because aesthetics are linked to the beauty of art, music aesthetics is a philosophy that considers the type, development, source, significance, perception, and performance of a musical composition (Kramer, 2016). Worth noting, however much music’s main composition is sound, other aspects feed to a music piece’s aesthetic. They include the composer’s culture, musical structure, and the desire for composers to express themselves. Additionally, according to philosophers, other aspects, including knowledge, existence, musical ethics, sociology, and relationships, also form part of music aesthetics. The beauty of music lies in its beauty and being able to afford desired pleasure to its listener. Moreover, the richness of a work, its depth, subtlety, and its expressiveness also form an essential part of music aesthetic.
Question 4: About Humanities
In my viewpoint, humanities refer to a field of knowledge that is concerned with the study of human beings and their culture. It is concerned with the critical and analytical methods of inquiry derived from appreciating human beings’ values and the unique ability of the human spirit to express itself. In essence, the humanities studies entail but are not limited to fields of language, classical linguistics, modern linguistics, history, literature, philosophy, ethics, comparative religion, archeology, criticism, aspects of social sciences, the theory of arts, humanities application to the human environment with attention to detail on diverse heritage, and the relevance and history of humanities to the current conditions of national life. In other words, humanities is research that stems from a detailed understanding of economies, human behavior, cultures, societies, and economies, which dramatically redefine the crucial decisions which we tend to make as human beings. These decisions are directly interlinked with the future direction that our economy will take and broadens and strengthens education provision at all levels. Humanities teach us how human beings created the world and how the world created them.
References
Kramer, L. (2016). The thought of music. Univ of California Press.
History of Skyscraper
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History of Skyscraper:
A substantial importance that has led to doing research pertaining to the skyscrapers is because of the high rate at which they are being constructed in hearts of towns and cities. The establishment and development of skyscrapers have been increasing at a rate that is very high and they have been proved an extremely useful since they minimise on space utilization and maximize on resource exploitation. A single skyscraper is always constructed on a small room but accommodates a lot of economic activities. They can be used for both religious, cultural, commercial and communication purposes. For this many uses that underlie skyscrapers, they have to be studied and researched fully from the history of their development.
In order to do research on skyscrapers from different information sources, there is a need for guide questions whose when systematically answered would give the full history of the skyscrapers. These questions are, when skyscrapers were first constructed? The construction of skyscrapers took place in between 1813 and 1898 and was done under the invention of an Englishman called George A Fuller using the Henry Bessemer’s steel process. The first building was started in 1851, and its construction progressed up to 1900 by George A Fuller. According to Hewitt W, (p. 19) in order for George to come up with the first skyscraper, he had first to solve the problem which was the “load bearing capacities” problem. After he solved this problem, he was able to construct a skyscraper using Bessemer’s steel process. His first skyscraper was the Tacoma Building which was in the year 1889. According to Popular Mechanics’ magazine, this was the first building whose outside wall did not carry the building’s weight (Lent Dayton Upson, 1974, p. 349).
The second question is, what were the early skyscrapers made of and what did they were made of? The first skyscraper the Tacoma that was constructed by George A Fuller was constructed using steel beams of Bessemer. For George Fuller to come up with a strong skyscraper, he first created cages of steel which helped him in supporting the whole skyscraper’s weight. The early skyscrapers were a combination of different structures in order to serve multiple purposes. These structures included; steel structure that was used to support the total weight of the whole skyscrapers. Secondly were the elevators which served the purpose of movement from the ground level of the skyscrapers to the top parts. The reasons as to why elevators were constructed in skyscrapers, was because skyscrapers are tall structures and it was more cumbersome for one to climb up to the top, and thus there was a need to find an easy, and fast mobile system. Elevators that are electric projected were the best choice (Lagus, & ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Building Constructions, 1984, p. 134)
The elevator of the highest speed was developed in the year 1887 in a skyscraper ad aimed at faster elevation of passengers to the top of the skyscrapers. The skyscrapers were also installed with central heating system which aimed at keeping them warm during winter seasons. It was realized that, during winter seasons, the inner cavity of the skyscrapers were too cold to accommodate human life and, therefore, there was the need to warm the building. This is why they were installed with central heating systems. According to Nye, D, E (p. 88), the skyscrapers were installed with both a plumbing system to pump water to all parts of the building and a telephone system which facilitated communication.
The third question is what led to the construction of skyscrapers? In the first place, Barras, R (p. 448) claims that the construction of skyscrapers was to express architectural, engineering, and construction ability. This was an attempt to invent new construction means and come up with new and unique structures that had their own design and form. Later on, the purpose and reason for the construction according to Barras, R (p.449) took other lanes. These included; the construction of skyscrapers as an investment for magnetic speculation. People and states yearned to invest in something that was viewable and unique from what actually existed. By doing this, they attracted foreign investors in their states and industries. At the same time, the development of skyscrapers acted as a way cycle of building offices through reinforcement of extreme volatility. On the other hand, Wheeler and Beatley (p. 367) claim that skyscrapers were also used by religious groups to show off their power in religion. The Islam built their mosques extremely high to form skyscrapers to show how powerful they were compared to other religious groups.
The fourth question is what were the international legal and aesthetic refinements for the construction of skyscrapers? The first and revolutionized skyscraper was the Flatiron building in New York located at the Fifth Avenue and in the twenty-Third Street. It was the first skyscraper of New York and in USA located in Manhattan and it was built by the Bessemer’s construction company, and was finished in 1902. Despite the highly increasing development, there have been many cases of collapse of skyscrapers in different parts of the world. For this reason, the law have been put in place internationally to govern the construction of skyscrapers. According to the International Law governing construction of tall buildings, Rev, IX, 315-341 the skyscrapers should be constructed in areas with no earth tremor or earthquake. The construction of the skyscrapers should come up with a structure that it should supplement the requirement of XIV, 435-462 of the International Law ( HYPERLINK “http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0849545.html#ixzz1g9JAVBVZ” http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0849545.html#ixzz1g9JAVBVZ).
The fifth question is what is the importance of skyscrapers to the economic, social and cultural lives of people all over the world?
In the early time, skyscrapers have been of significant importance to the economy of the states where they were constructed and to the people. In the early times of about 18th century, the construction of skyscrapers was a way to show off innovation ability and a wise investment decision by the state (Lent Dayton Upson, 1974, p. 346). Later on, the purpose of skyscrapers multiplied into the following uses: Commercial uses; most of the skyscrapers were used for business purposes either as marketing places or acted as administrative blocks to business organizations. This was more convenient as skyscrapers attracted private and foreign investors in the business. Administrative purposes; skyscrapers were also used by states administrators as their administrative points. This was because to some extend the height of the building structure indicated the power manifested by the administrator. Religious centre; skyscrapers were also used by religious followers of different religions. They used tall buildings as a way to show off power over other religion.
Magnetic attractors to foreign investors into the state; the presence of many and well developed skyscrapers shows a high level of economic state. This encourages and also attracts foreign investors in the state. Most people have been preoccupied with questions that some have been answered, and others have pertaining to skyscrapers. Some of these questions are; Are there any legal requirements that govern the construction and development of skyscrapers? What are some of the problems that are linked to development of skyscrapers? Does the modern construction material for skyscrapers differ from the ancient construction material? With the help of these questions, it was easy to carry out research and obtain more information pertaining to skyscrapers from websites, electronic database and catalogues. Below are answers for these questions arrived at after a depth research carried out in different sources? Legal requirements governing construction of skyscrapers:
According to the CTBUH Legal requirements, the construction of tall buildings such as skyscrapers should be done in the area with no earthquakes or tremor. This is because earthquakes caused this type of buildings to collapse causing serious damage to property and life. In addition to that, Trechsel, Lagus and ASTM Committee, (p. 132) it was realized that tall buildings sway during the winter season and windy times thus putting the lives of users in danger. To avoid such things as collapsing to occur, there was a formula that was devised to measure air leakage in constructed skyscrapers (Lagus, & ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Building Constructions, 1984, p. 132)
. The formulae is Q = kA(Dp)n.
Where:
Q = is the rate at which air flows, m3/s
A = the area over which the air flow is distributed, m2
In addition to that, the product is required to have met the endorsement of the states’ National Bureau of Standards.
In the same formula,
Dp = the difference in the indoor and outdoor pressure, Pa,
k = is the average flow coefficient of the area of the flow, m3/m2. s. Pan.
n = is the exponent flow of air.
This formula should be used by the contractor and engineers during construction of skyscrapers in order to allow room for air leakage in a tall building for safety purpose.
In conclusion, the skyscrapers have existed in the world for a long time from 1813 up to now. The construction process has undergone different changes based on certain principles and safety precautions. Failure to take into account the construction principles and precautions put in place has led to collapse of skyscraper buildings which eventually kills many people and destroys properties. A recommendation drawn from this historical view of the skyscraper buildings is that all construction laws for tall buildings should be highly taken into account during construction for safety purposes.
References:
HYPERLINK “http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0849545.html#ixzz1g9JAVBVZ” http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0849545.html#ixzz1g9JAVBVZ
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.
Peter L. Lagus, & ASTM Committee E-6 on Performance of Building Constructions, Measured air leakage of buildings: a symposium sponsored by ASTM committee E-6 on Performance of building constructions, Philadelphia, PA, 2-3 April 1984, p. 132
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2007, Columbia University Press.
Volume 904 of ASTM special technical publication, New York, ASTM International, 1986
Lent Dayton Upson, Practice of municipal administration, Metropolitan AmericaRise of Urban America, New York, Ayer Publishing, 1974