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The History Of USA In Early Nineteen Hundreds
The History Of USA In Early Nineteen Hundreds
Chapter 27
The early nineteen hundreds were a significant time for the United States. The country had grown into its own due to the integration of different settlers. One of the events that took center stage was the civil war and the reconstruction of the south. This took a toll on the country making the citizens focus their energy on other factors. This changed the dynamics in that the country placed less emphasis on politics and more on social changes.
Most individuals invested in the increased technological knowhow, urbanization and industrialization. This was ideal for the growth and sustainability of the country due to the focus on the economy. The country had entered a new phase that encouraged production of goods and services. The country thus increased its rate of production which was reflective of the GDP. Most of these policies were a result of the progressivism movement that encouraged the development of the citizens.
The government had to maintain these ideologies so that the country could reach its expected target. One of the ways the citizens were kept in line was through the legalization of some of the social activities such as buying and selling of alcohol. This form of governance resulted in the improvement of public facilities such as housing, infrastructures and schools. The policies were well received by the country for a considerable amount of time. The country however began to change their opinion of Wilson’s policies due to the change in culture. This may have been one of the factors for the election of Warren Harding in the next general election.
Chapter 31
I945 was a monumental time in the history of the western world. The Second World War had just ended resulting in the creation of two political blocks. The leaders of the two blocks were mainly the United States and the Soviet Union. The two sides could not agree on the political ideologies to adopt. This led to the creation of alliances that determined the success of the blocks. The world was not ready for another war due to the effects it had on the entire globe.
One of the ways that the sides could solve this issue was to come up with another strategy. This led to the introduction of the cold war that saw the fight between the two blocks without the use of arms and ammunition. The United States had formed alliances with countries such as the United Kingdom and France. This left the Soviet Union with few allies due to its collapse. The cold war saw the fight for countries that did not have a side in terms of political allegiance. One of the targets in this case was Africa and different parts of Asia and Europe
America had adopted a democratic system of governance which encourages a multiparty state and an open market. The Soviet Union on the other hand embraced a socialist government which encouraged a unitary state that discouraged an open market. After the end of the cold war, both blocks agreed to settle for international peace and understanding. This led to the formation of further reforms which included the conduct of all the countries. America continues to spread the democratic way of life making it one of the strongest advocates of the voice of the public.
History and Political Science and Realism
Name
Course
Tutor’s Name
Date
History and Political Science
Realism
Realism is a theory of political philosophy that explains international relations in terms of power by believing that politics is governed by objective laws whose roots are in human nature.
One of the Morgenthau’s Principles of political realism states that it is probable to come up with a theory reflecting objective laws and distinguishing between truth and opinion because objective laws whose roots are in human nature govern society. Second principle of realism is the notion interest is defined in terms of power, which sets politics apart by instilling coherent order into politics’ subject matter hence enabling theoretical understanding of politics. The bthird principle of realism is that interest is defined, as power is an objective group that is generally legitimate although it can change its meaning. The fourth is the knowledge of both moral principles of political action and the tension between moral commands and the requirements of successful political action. Additionally, the fifth principle of realism affirms that moral laws governing the world are different from morals of any nation. Finally, the last principle of realism asserts that there is real distinction between political realism other realisms.
The idea of Power is broadly defined and there is no distinction between resources giving state power such as military and the action of one country exercising power over another. It is something that makes someone have authority over the other due to social differences such as violence and psychological ties.
Neo-realism
Neo-realism ignores classical realism concept to explain international politics but develop a theory that favors structural constraints over agent’s strategies and motivation. It highlights that international disorder is the main cause of disturbance in global politics.
Kant’s three “definitive articles” that define what is essential for perpetual peace are ;
-Each state has to have a republican constitution
-The Law of Nations shall be founded on Federation of Free States
-World citizenship
Liberal democracies do not go to war against each other because they feel that war is costly and there are no aggressors. However, liberal democracies go to war against nonliberal states so that the big democracies can consolidate power by invoking nationalist rhetoric and stirring up regional hatred.
Marxist Theories
The instrumental Marxist theory covers the economic structure due to the feeling that the economy determines everything and promotes the high class.
Structural Marxist dwells in the thought that law can be changed by other means and it gives hope to the lower class families that they can improve their status regardless of their current social and economic status.
Role of state in Marxist theory is maintenance of the necessary general conditions for the reproduction of the wage labor/capital relation which is the heart of bourgeois societies.
Marxist theory differs with idealist and realist theory because it provides a framework of analyzing society and acts as the end goal for all thoughts. It also offers practical solution to social and political problems
Theotonio Dos Santos defines dependence as a past circumstance that shapes particular structure of the world economy such that it favors some countries in disadvantage of others and restricts the growth prospect of the minor economics.
Bipolarity
Factors that limited interstate violence according to Waltz are economic interdependence, democratic peace theory, rise of international institutions such as NATO, and the US unipolar moment. Waltz believes that a country cannot just go to war with a nation that does not pose any threat to it. The second reason why countries cannot go to war is economic interdependency when one state enjoys economic monopoly and the other state depends on it. additionally, the rise of international institutions that serve the interest of most powerful nations and the unipolar moment enjoyed by US thus reducing misuse of weapons
NGO is any kind of private organization that is independent from government control provided it is not-profit, non-criminal and not simply an opposition political party. Anderson and Glasius’ view regarding NGOs are realistic.
The realist, idealist, and Marxist theories help NGOs in understanding foreign policies of various states that they want to work. There are aspects of international relations, economics, international laws, and social work that are also studied.
Complex interdependence is the thought put jointly that states and their fortunes are put together
Complex interdependence is caused by absence of hierarchy among issues, increased use of matiple channels of communication among states and declining supremacy of the military.
Kehoane and Nye postulates that asymmetry in interdependence provides bargaining power in politics.
Complex interdependace promotes peace and interrelationship among countries.
Rosenau
Rosenau’s two world politics are along the domestic frontier and the distant proximities.
Hyper globalism
Is a label used for diverse claims that globalization has decisively undermined the nation-state as a container and regulator of economic, cultural, and political affairs.
The tradition of IR is most closely affiliated to be neo-liberal.
According to skeptics of hyper globalist, the effect of patterns of inequality and hierarchy in the world economy with respect to cultural homogenizations is that regional trading blocs are getting better.
HRBA and Appiah’s call for “cosmopolitanism” to WGS reading 50 discussions of the views of hyper globalists and the skeptics of hyper globalism are all based on consideration of human rights and the need to respect everyone’s right. All approaches appreciate the diversity of the human culture and peaceful coexistence.
Quality of communication
Communication Skills
Student’s Name
Date
Institutional Affiliation
Quality of communication
The quality of communication in this scenario is poor. There is a breakdown of communication between the patients, patient access staff, and the coordinator because there lacks clarity. For instance, a receptionist points out that the patient contact software is not working as it should; however, the coordinator ignores this direct statement. In addition, there lacks communication clarity between the patients and the practice as patients must call the facility to confirm their appointments, further proof that the existing patient contact software is not working. Also, based on the coordinator’s feedback, it is apparent that there is a communication breakdown between patients and the medical practice as the IT specialists found 893 unopened patient messages.
Type of Conflict
The conflict witnessed is a person vs. person conflict. The coordinator has conflict with the patient access staff.
How Defensive Climate Affects Team Members
The communication interactions between the patient access staff and the coordinator are defensive; hence there are elements of control and evaluation. Evaluation involves assigning blame, and it is evident when the scheduler tells the coordinator that it is about time she becomes part of the solution. Allocating blame results in resentment and anger, emotions evident when the coordinator quips that emotions and passion should be evident in every staff member. Control is evident in the way the coordinator ignores the direct statements of the other staff members and instead comes up with a different strategy of solving the problem. Based on the conversation between the coordinator and the other staff members, it is apparent that a defensive communication climate only results in conflict escalation, thus further resulting in communication breakdown, a factor that will further hinder open communication and collaborations in the future (Gibb, 2020).
Strategies To Resolve Conflict and Create Supportive Climate
To resolve conflict, the manager should use the strategery of compromise. The manager should first ensure that the entire team meets and agrees to talk formally to solve the conflict. They can then discuss a better scheduling protocol and make concessions hence establishing a common ground to come up with better alternatives for the existing scheduling protocol. Other concessions that can be made include determining the person responsible for the daily task for checking and replying to patients’ messages. Lastly, they should then address any lingering differences. Compromise is an effective strategy of conflict resolution as existing differences are not only addressed, but concessions also allow the development of mutually acceptable results (Chan, 2014). Moreover, the willingness to compromise creates a supportive communication climate.
Strategies To Improve Communication and Collaboration Between The Team Members
To improve communication and collaboration, the manager should actively listen to the entire team, ensuring that everyone feels heard and their opinions are important. The manager should also show compassion to all team members. Compassion enables the manager to understand everyone’s feelings hence understand their views and create positive rapport. Lastly, the manager should promote team-building activities that foster communication between team members and enable all team members to build strong and positive relationships with each other.
How The Manager Can Measure the Performance Of The Team
To measure the team’s performance, the manager can use the 360-degree feedback tool. This tool requires that team members determine whether they are meeting their goals, thus providing a wide perspective on the team’s performance. The manager can also use a graphic rating scale to provide a clear picture of the teams’ performance. Other tools of measuring performance include management by objectives. This tool allows the team and the manager to create a list of goals and set up timelines (Antoni, 2005). The ability to meet objectives within the intended timeline is an indicator of good performance. In contrast, the inability to meet goals within the set timeline indicates bad performance.
References
Antoni, C. (2005). Management by objectives–an effective tool for teamwork?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 16(2), 174-184.
Chan, J. C., Sit, E. N., & Lau, W. M. (2014). Conflict management styles, emotional intelligence and implicit theories of personality of nursing students: A cross-sectional study. Nurse education today, 34(6), 934-939.
Gibb, J. R. (2020). Defensive communication. In Shared Experiences in Human Communication (pp. 44-49). Routledge.