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History and Evolution of Digital Imaging
History and Evolution of Digital Imaging
Digital imaging is a composite field involving photography and computing in the development of high quality image production and storage. Advancements in computing led to the transformation of photography in a bid to eliminate the challenges of the old cameras that applied films. Digital imaging introduced a new aspect to the application of photography with regard to production of images that correspond to various analytical works. The elimination of operation mishaps associated with film cameras defines the appropriateness of the technology that has become an important application in a number of fields.
Digital imaging can be traced back from the inception of the image capturing form video recording and for television images in 1951 when the first Vide Tape Recorder (VTR) was discovered. The fundamental change from earlier images was in the storage of the images captured, which saw the introduction of magnetic devices such as tapes (Galer and Horvat, 2005). In 1956, John Mullins of Crosby laboratories perfected the VTR technology in digital imaging. Further enhancements included the use of Charge Coupled Device (CCD) to advance sensing features for image formation such as colors. Russell Kirsch became the fist photographer to produce a digital image by use of his computer by use of a scanned image of his son. However, cameras still used films at that time and digital images were produced through scanned images from film products. This happened in 1969 when the Bell Labs incorporated the CCD technology to improve sensory elements of cameras under the leadership of George Smith and Willard Boyle. Camera world was accelerating towards incorporation into the computer for the exceptional accuracy and storage requirements. Solid state digital cameras producing video images were introduced in 1970 by the same researchers and were later used to produce sharp television images in 1975.
Sony Corporation made the first complete digital imaging contribution in 1981 by producing the famous Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera) which was characterized by the magnetic storage of images in still video storage device in form of a floppy disc. The floppy disc used was a two-inch device that had capacity to store up to 50 digital images. Five years later, Kodak was on board by contributing a camera sensor that could enable manipulation of the image after recording to increase their pixel quality. Successive inventions in the years 1990 and 1991 saw Kodak develop the Photo CD and the Nikon F-3 with astounding sensor capacity. Image manipulation was further enabled by inventions such as Apple Quick Take 100 Camera, Kodak DC40, Casio QV-11 and Cyber Shot Digital Still Camera in the mid 1990s by the easy linkage with which the images could be adjusted on the computer. Later, Kinko’s and Microsoft contribution was later going to advance the success attained that far, which prompted entry of competition from IBM and Hewlett Packard for high definition camera quality products (Galer and Horvat, 2005)..
Major Milestones Inside Health Care
The most important aspect of photography that digital imaging brought to the analytical world is the capacity to enhance image features through various computer manipulations of an image to deliver useful results in different disciplines. Among the most important fields where such application has been made is in healthcare. Medical imaging techniques such as magneto/electroecephalography have been developed to assist in diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions such as head injuries and conditions and electrocardiography for heart conditions. Other medical applications that apply imaging techniques include radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear medicine, breast thermography, elastography, optoacoustic imaging, ophthalmology, tomography and ultrasound imaging among others.
Major Milestones Outside Health Care
There are several other applications of digital imaging techniques used outside the field of heath care due to its vast adjustability. Industrial imaging techniques perhaps have the widest spectrum of applications based on the variable nature of the needs of image uses. Among the most widely applicable digital imaging techniques and uses in the industrial sector is the digital imaging x-ray that is used in scene monitor device, mechanical platform and x-ray protective device in various image analysis applications. Computer vision applications have enabled the computer to process images for a wide variety of processes used in industrial automations. Several disciplines such as engineering and optics are bought together in the formulation of the appropriate industrial application. Control and instrumentation needs inside industries such as robotics require some vision which uses digital image technology. Other disciplines and fields have adopted the digital imaging techniques to resolve various needs which include crime scene, portrait photography, fashion photography, documentary photography, printing technology, lighting refining, display systems and sensors.
References
Galer, M. & Horvat, L. (2005) Digital imaging: essential skills. Burlington, MA: Elsevier
Quality Improvement and Safety in Health care
Quality Improvement and Safety in Health care
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Quality Improvement and Safety in Health care
The image that you see above depicts two nurses; one of them, a female nurse, is providing care to a child patient, while the other, a male nurse, seems to be focused on something else. This specific hospital exhibits a number of the quality criteria necessary to provide patients with safe and effective treatment, as seen in the picture. To begin, the patient is being cared for by two nurses who ensure that the patient gets the highest quality treatment currently available. This contributes to an improved patient outcome by reducing the likelihood of any medical mistakes occurring. Second, this specific hospital seems to be equipped with the high-quality critical equipment required to guarantee that patients are treated effectively and on time. In addition, the hospital seems to be very clean, thus protecting the patient’s health by protecting them against any germs that could be present in the hospital.
However, sure of the quality requirements that must be met to provide safe and effective healthcare are not met in the picture displayed above. To begin with, the female nurse does not take enough precautions to protect her from potential health risks, which raises the likelihood that she may get a particular illness. To begin, the nurse is not wearing sterile gloves, which helps keep hands clean and reduces the risk of microorganism transmission for both the patient and the nurse. Additionally, the nurse does not put on a medical mask, which raises the possibility that respiratory infections may be passed on to the patient.
The four main competency domains of interprofessional practice are interprofessional communication, teamwork, and team-based care, roles and responsibilities for collaborative practice, and values and ethics (Brashers et al., 2019). The major breakdown from the above photo is values and ethics which are evidenced by the nurses’ failure to put on sterile gloves and medical masks to enhance both patient’s and nurses’ safety.
References
Brashers, V., Haizlip, J., & Owen, J. A. (2019). The ASPIRE Model: Grounding the IPEC core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice within a foundational framework. Journal of interprofessional care.
History and causes of Violent play
Introduction
Violent plays within the sports world are the physical acts in contact sporting activities beyond the usual contact levels anticipated while at play. Such acts may include deliberate attempts to cause injury to a fellow player or coach. This is a very sensitive topic in the sports world today thus my reason for addressing it. This paper shall showcase the possible causes of violent play, the history of violent play and finally solutions to violent play.
Causes of violent play
Sporting activities come with a magnitude of interest from several stakeholders hence there exists a plethora of violent play causes. Some sporting personalities have been known to provoke fellow performers in a bid to make them frustrated thus engage in unfair play and be punished by officials this always gives them a competitive advantage.
The crowds or sporting spectators also in some cases drive performers into engaging in unfair play, dissatisfied spectators in many cases place some pressure on the performers which also frustrates them so much and drives them into engaging in violent play. In cases where the performer is not winning, the disappointment and frustration also contributes so much towards violent play (J H, 2005). Some performers would settle their scores by violent play against the victims that caused them to loose.
The biggest contributing factor to violent play is the nature of the game, championship matches, derby matches and relegation or qualification determining matches are always filled with much intensity thus performers will always want to win. Such spirit drives them into using unruly ways to try winning thus resulting in cases of violent play. This is also attached to the weight put by result importance.
History of violent play
Acts of violence in play are not new in the world of sports. Cases of blood sports were eminent across the Roman Empire and among the Greek communities. There were massive lose of lives on regular basis especially in ritual sporting events among the Aztecs and Mayas. Early Europe and medieval tournaments were premeditated to provide training for battlefield thus had consequences similar to those in battle grounds.
Research indicates that within the civilization process in North America and Europe, modern sporting events were invented as governed activities as opposed to just physical events in the subsequent eras (Robert L, 2010). When sports became fully structured sports officials forbid certain acts of violent play which were common in the eras that preceded it. Cases of bloodshed became minimal and much focus was on individual control to prohibit physical contact and aggressive impulses expression within the spirit of competition.
Within the present societies acts of violent play have been controlled and regulated. Though still violent play remains a vital issue in sports since its aim is to create tension and not discharging it.
Solutions to violent play
Many proposals have been suggested to curb violent play in sports but then not all of them offer sufficient contribution towards solving it. Solving violent play requires comprehensive feasible mechanisms (R Todd, 2012). First, use of video playback technologies would give huge contributions in assessing and adjudicating cases of unfair play. In many cases the match officials might not see all violent play cases in the field as their attention might only be focused on the ball hence many cases might not be noticed by the people in charge. Use of video technology would provide after match assessment and appropriate punishment.
Tougher penalties such as lifetime bans, penalty tries, red cards and yellow cards should be adopted against those who engage in violent play, such measures would greatly discourage such acts as players and coaches shall always know what might happen if they engage in violent play (R Todd, 2012). Sports governing agencies should also try to hire several match officials each with a specific function and area of coverage so that the responsibility of spotting such acts will not be left to only the referee and the linesmen.
Sports education and sports governing agencies should also focus on instilling higher fair play ethos in sports performers. This will sensitize performers on the importance and need for fair play when engaging in a sport.
Conclusion
Violent play must then be discouraged at all levels and across all sporting events. The causes of violent play are known and also solutions to avert these causes have been put forward. It now remains the responsibility of all sporting stakeholders to see to it that violent play is eradicated in all fields of sports.
Glossary
Play-participating in an activity for leisure, as a career or for enjoyment
Violent-using physical force to deliberately hurt someone
Solution-a way of solving a problem or handling a tough situation
Causes –Things that stimulate certain actions, condition or phenomenon
References
J H, K. (2005). Rethinking aggression and violence in sport . London: Routledge.
R Todd, J. (2012). Violence and aggression in sporting contests : economics, history and policy. New York : Springer.
Robert L, S. (2010). Fair Play : the Ethics of Sport. New York : Westview Press.