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Heterodox Vs. Mainstream
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Heterodox Vs. Mainstream
It is apparent that heterodox economists are usually displeased with mainstream economics particularly in the area of macroeconomics. According to Ruccio mainstream economists do not recognize the existence of other techniques apart from the once found in the mainstream while the heterodox economists usually try to strive to understand both the mainstream and heterodox economics (Web). The heterodox economics are usually interested in understanding the working of mainstream economics, its origin and the policies associated with it.
Although the heterodox economists may reject the mainstream ideas, they always know it better than even the mainstream economists do because they always want to teach it and engage it in public debate. They are always worried that the mainstream economics usually dominate the debate in the media as well as in policymaking. According to Ruccio heterodox economists do not always agree with the mainstream economics regardless of the modifications to the mainstream economics and because it is always thought that lack of real world frictions may make the economy run smoothly (Web). Availability of perfect information and many other factors such as flexible wages plays a major role in achieving full employment as well as almost perfect utilisation of resources.
New Keynesians and new Classical at times usually differ on the kind of friction that should exist in the economics. Looking at the original New Classical models, the economies are normally in equilibrium , preferences are constant and competition are normally perfect while New Keynesia theory adds imperfect competition, sticky prices and transaction costs.
At times, real world mechanics inhibits things from moving as smoothly as they should although heterodox economists believe that capitalism is always exposed to crisis, unemployment as well as misallocation. For instance, a mainstream economist would analyse the reasons behind finance unstable focus on irrationalities, imperfect information and other externalities if perhaps had access to information, transactions were costless and the people were rational to stabilise finance. Nevertheless, if the economy may be starts to stabilize, the positive returns on investments may drive the capitalist to take more risk and the process would continue until the economy destabilizes itself. An investor will make more risks with the higher returns until the return is outrun by the risk making the economy to collapse. It is apparent that such kind of system does not need to invoke any particular friction as it may be implied.
Moreover, considering the labour market the economists normally presume that absence of costs such as oversized firms and sticky wages, the economy would definitely attain full employment but heterodox economists are opposed to the argument. The heterodox economists site a number of reasons that asserts that the marginal value product theory is untrue since they believe that higher wages will not automatically led to unemployment rise. The heterodox economists think that wages are vital constituent of aggregate demand and therefore minimizing wages may be counterproductive (Ruccio Web). They posit that sticky wages cannot act as barrier to full employment instead, they stabilize the aggregate demand and therefore there are no severe business cycles involved as generally explained. Heterodox economies just believe that mainstream economics are even considering some nitty-gritty with a lot of modifications and frictions that are questionable.
Works Cited
Ruccio, David. Mainstream versus Heterodox Economics. Real-World Economics Review Blog, 15 July 2012. Web. 4 Dec. 2013. <http://rwer.wordpress.com/2012/07/15/mainstream-versus-heterodox-economics/>.
Analytical Paper Outline
Analytical Paper Outline
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Analytical Paper Outline
Introduction
Background info: Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to an infection in any part of the urinary system, including urethrae, ureter, kidney, or bladder.
Background info: UTI can also be defined as the presence of the microorganism in the urine.
Background info: UTIs are some of the most recurrent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the US and can lead to an increased risk of death.
Background info: Hospitalized UTI are more prevalent among patients with a catheter use history.
Background info: HAIs resulting from catheter use are known as Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs).
Background info: CAUTIs are associated with complications such as bacteremia, cystitis, prostatitis, sepsis, pyelonephritis, and higher risk of death; hence there is a need to reduce infections once catheters are inserted.
Thesis statement: Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs may help in reducing infections once catheters are inserted.
Body Paragraph 1
Topic sentence: Insertion of urinary catheter is associated with UTI
passage: “The use of urine catheter interrupts the innate immune defence mechanism system by affecting the mucous barrier, which has a function to prevent uropathogenic adhesion and its migration to vesica urinary” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: This paragraph explains how insertion of catheters causes UTI.
passage: “Catheter stimulates the inflammatory responses and causes trauma in the mucous of the urethra and bladder neck. Inflammatory and mechanical damages in the urinary tract epithelium do not only increase the risks for UTI but also influencing one’s immune response to uropathogenic” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: The passage explains how catheter insertion increases the risk for UTI.
Body Paragraph 2
Topic/transition sentence: prolonged duration of catheter use increases the risk of developing CAUTIS.
passage: “Higher risk to develop UTI was also seen in patients who used catheter longer than 6 days (11/14, 78.6%) than those with a shorter duration than 6 days (13/40, 32.5%). The prolonged use increased the risk to 2.418 (CI 95% 1.432-4.082, P = 0.003)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Prolonged period of using catheters increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
Body Paragraph 3
Topic/transition sentence: Age is also a risk factor for developing CAUTIs.
passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
Body Paragraph 4
Topic/transition sentence: CAUTIs are caused by a variety of pathogens.
passage: “Several uropathogens related to CAUTI have been described, including Escherichia coli (21.4%), Candida spp. (21.0%), Enterococcus spp. (14.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (7.7%), and Enterobacter spp. (4.1%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: The passage provides details of the various pathogens that cause CAUTIs.
passage: “Of 24 confirmed CAUTI cases, we identified eleven microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Salmonella enteric, Acinetobacter baumanii, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Acinobacter hemolytic, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus scour. The most bacteria found in this research was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 4 subjects (16.7%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis in 3 subjects (12.5%) and Escherichia coli ESBL (+), then MRSA and Salmonella enteric each in 2 subjects (8.4%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: The passage outlines the various pathogens of CAUTIs identified by the research and identifies the most common known pathogen.
Conclusion
Restatement of thesis: To reduce the risk of developing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted, there is a need to understand the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs.
So what? Address the wider implications of your interpretation:
Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs will help in reducing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted since nurses will know what needs to be done to avoid developing CAUTIs among patients using catheters.
Reference
Anggi, A., Wijaya, D. W., & Ramayani, O. R. (2019). Risk factors for catheter-associated urinary tract infection and uropathogen bacterial profile in the intensive care unit in hospitals in Medan, Indonesia. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 7(20), 3488-3492. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.684
Analytical Paper Outline (2)
Analytical Paper Outline
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Analytical Paper Outline
Introduction
Background info: Urinary tract infection (UTI) refers to an infection in any part of the urinary system, including urethrae, ureter, kidney, or bladder.
Background info: UTI can also be defined as the presence of the microorganism in the urine.
Background info: UTIs are some of the most recurrent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in the US and can lead to an increased risk of death.
Background info: Hospitalized UTI are more prevalent among patients with a catheter use history.
Background info: HAIs resulting from catheter use are known as Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTIs).
Background info: CAUTIs are associated with complications such as bacteremia, cystitis, prostatitis, sepsis, pyelonephritis, and higher risk of death; hence there is a need to reduce infections once catheters are inserted.
Thesis statement: Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs may help in reducing infections once catheters are inserted.
Body Paragraph 1
Topic sentence: Insertion of urinary catheter is associated with UTI
passage: “The use of urine catheter interrupts the innate immune defence mechanism system by affecting the mucous barrier, which has a function to prevent uropathogenic adhesion and its migration to vesica urinary” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: This paragraph explains how insertion of catheters causes UTI.
passage: “Catheter stimulates the inflammatory responses and causes trauma in the mucous of the urethra and bladder neck. Inflammatory and mechanical damages in the urinary tract epithelium do not only increase the risks for UTI but also influencing one’s immune response to uropathogenic” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: The passage explains how catheter insertion increases the risk for UTI.
Body Paragraph 2
Topic/transition sentence: prolonged duration of catheter use increases the risk of developing CAUTIS.
passage: “Higher risk to develop UTI was also seen in patients who used catheter longer than 6 days (11/14, 78.6%) than those with a shorter duration than 6 days (13/40, 32.5%). The prolonged use increased the risk to 2.418 (CI 95% 1.432-4.082, P = 0.003)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Prolonged period of using catheters increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
Body Paragraph 3
Topic/transition sentence: Age is also a risk factor for developing CAUTIs.
passage: “CAUTI was also more common among patients aged ≤ 50 years old (16/27, 59.3%) compared to patients aged > 50 years (8/27, 29.6%), with younger patients had a higher risk to acquire infection (OR = 2, 95% CI 1.034-3.870, P-0.028)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: Aging increases the risk of developing CAUTIs.
Body Paragraph 4
Topic/transition sentence: CAUTIs are caused by a variety of pathogens.
passage: “Several uropathogens related to CAUTI have been described, including Escherichia coli (21.4%), Candida spp. (21.0%), Enterococcus spp. (14.9%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.0%), Klebsiella pneumonia (7.7%), and Enterobacter spp. (4.1%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3489).
interpretation: The passage provides details of the various pathogens that cause CAUTIs.
passage: “Of 24 confirmed CAUTI cases, we identified eleven microorganisms including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, MRSA, Salmonella enteric, Acinetobacter baumanii, Acinetobacter lwoffi, Acinobacter hemolytic, Burkholderia cepacia, and Staphylococcus scour. The most bacteria found in this research was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 4 subjects (16.7%), followed by Enterococcus faecalis in 3 subjects (12.5%) and Escherichia coli ESBL (+), then MRSA and Salmonella enteric each in 2 subjects (8.4%)” (Anggi et al., 2019, p.3490).
interpretation: The passage outlines the various pathogens of CAUTIs identified by the research and identifies the most common known pathogen.
Conclusion
Restatement of thesis: To reduce the risk of developing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted, there is a need to understand the risk factors of CAUTIs and the pathogens causing CAUTIs.
So what? Address the wider implications of your interpretation:
Understanding the risk factors of CAUTIs will help in reducing CAUTIs when catheters are inserted since nurses will know what needs to be done to avoid developing CAUTIs among patients using catheters.