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During World War II, USSR joined forces with USA with one common purpose in mind, to defeat Hitler and liberate Europe
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United States History
During World War II, USSR joined forces with USA with one common purpose in mind, to defeat Hitler and liberate Europe. Stalin had made an agreement with Hitler at the onset of World War II but after Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 this agreement was quickly forgotten. USSR thus entered into a military coalition with the Allies in order to achieve success over Nazi Germany which it viewed as its greatest threat. However, soon after the end of World War II as discussed by Berkin, Miller, & Cherry, the previous hostilities that had existed between the East and the West reemerged (792). This was the beginning of a new war between the East and the West, or more specifically between USSR and USA, the Cold War.
Soon after World War I the Soviet Union had made plans to replace capitalism with communism in the West as well as in the world. It had intended for a new world order based on its own political agendas. Thus as World War II was coming to an end the Soviet Union took this opportunity to make fresh demands in its European stronghold, Eastern Europe. It cited “defensible” borders and “friendly” regimes which it equated with the spread of communism (Berkin et al 793). The United States had no intention for allowing this to happen since it had already declared that it was aiming, post-war, to restore self-governance and independence to several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. It was USA’s intention to not only promote in these countries it’s belief in equality, liberty and democracy but also to encourage open trade between America and Europe, for two reasons: one, to create markets for it’s own industrial and agricultural products, and two, to ensure that Western European nations would be able to freely export their products therefore contributing to the rebuilding of their economies. Thus the United States was aiming to provide the stability needed for peaceful reconstruction as well as to promote economic development both in America and Europe. USSR had other plans. In both World War I and II the Soviet Union had been invaded via Western Europe and some of the Western European nations had also participated in these invasions. To protect itself from further such invasions it was dedicated to install “friendly”, that is, communist regimes in those Eastern European countries which it had liberated and thus was in a position to influence the form of post-war governments these countries would establish. Thus USA’s declaration on war on communism was the primary issue that led to conflict between USA and USSR after World War II.
In the United Sates’ view, these intentions of Stalin’s USSR were an indication that it could, and probably would, invade the rest of Europe, which it did, by invading Poland and Yugoslavia. Thus in a bid to prevent the Soviet Union’s conquest of all of Europe, USA started off an arms race that would eventually lead to the production of the world’s most destructive weapon ever by America, the atomic bomb in 1945 (Berkin 795). It has been argued that the United States dropped the bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki not to defeat Japan but actually to threaten the Soviet Union, thus resulting in fear and insecurity in USSR and prompting Stalin to put in countermeasures to protect his territory. The arms race during the Cold War led to the firm establishment of the iron curtain with the production and use by both sides of nuclear missiles and nuclear bombs among other nuclear weapons. The arms race and establishment of the iron curtain led to further division between USA and USSR (Berkin 796).
The arms race soon developed into a space race. USSR launched the first ever satellite to orbit the earth from outer space, Sputnik I, using a missile in 1957. In the same year the Soviet Union launched its second satellite, Sputnik II, with the first living creature to go into outer space, a dog named Laika, Not to be outdone USA rushed to launch its own satellites. In 1958 it launched Explorer I, its first satellite. Soon after this, the Soviet Union launched Vostok I with the first human being ever to orbit space. Yuri Gagarin completed one orbit aboard the satellite. USSR followed this up in 1963 with Valentina Tereshkova becoming the first woman ever in outer space. The United States finally achieved victory with its Apollo II mission in 1969 when Neil Armstrong became the first ever human being to step on the surface of the moon. The space race was thus not only a chance for both countries to show off their technological and intellectual supremacy but was also responsible for the rift that continued to grow between the world’s two superpowers.
Work cited
Berkin, Carol., Miller, Christopher., & Cherry, Robert. Making American: A History of the United States since 1865, Volume II. Florence: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print.
During the time frame of the Sula book, the world was facing the world war 1
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PTSD
During the time frame of the Sula book, the world was facing the world war 1. However, this war had an effect on the soldiers involved. When they witnessed acts of torture and killing, they faced significant mental health consequences including the Posttraumatic stress disorder (Pols and Oak, 2132). This was caused by witnessing death, experiencing continuous threats to their lives, and participating in various hostilities and killings. Even the best of the soldiers could not prevent the effects brought about by the massive killings. In the 20th century, various psychiatrists came out to offer their assistance to the military to reduce the effects of these traumatic experiences that could affect the warfare of the soldiers.
Though they were getting help, the soldiers did not like the involvement of psychiatry in their affairs. For instance, most of the soldiers seeking psychiatric help have often been labeled as cowards. Moreover, some soldiers reckoned that the availability of the psychiatrists in the area encouraged the presence of psychiatric symptoms. Later, the psychiatrists came to be accepted when they contributed to the primary goal of the soldiers, which is to preserve the required strength in fighting.
The world war one had an influence in the writing of the book sula. The bottom is a black neighborhood located in Ohio. When a certain good farmer who was white promised to free his slave and allocate him some land in Bottom location. When he finished, the slave went and asked the farmer to keep his promise. Giving the slave the freedom he had promised was easy, however, he had a problem with allocating land. The farmer told that slave that he would give him a piece of valley land instead. Another resident of bottom land, shadrack, fought in the world war one and returns a shattered man.
He is unable to accept any complexities present in the world. He lives in the town’s outskirts attempting to create order in his life. The horrors of world war one had a negative impact on his mental state. Thus, he came up with some methods of compartmentalizing his fear of death by inventing certain names such as the national suicide day. At first the town is hesitant to accept him but later does. In addition, sula suffers from mental stress after an accident that happened with the Chicken Little. After the accident, sula follows a divergent path and leads a life where she disregarded any form of social conventions. After Nel’s wedding, sula leaves bottom for a period of town years where she is rumored to have had numerous affairs with a white man.
The book was influenced by world war one. Some of the antagonists in the novel are trying to find peace and meaning in their lives. Just like the way some soldiers after the world war were trying to seek justification in their lives after what they had done. The massive killings and torture that the soldiers inflicted and saw had a negative impact on their mental health. In the same way, sula, after accidentally killing Chicken Little completely changed and started becoming defiant with little consideration for the social norms present. Thus, it is evident that she suffered from some form of mental problem say depression. Shadrack, on the other hand, had a firsthand experience with fighting in the world war one (Morrison, 245).
Works cited
Morrison, Toni. Sula. New York: Vintage International, 2004.
Pols, Hans and Stephanie Oak. “War and Military Mental Health.” Am J Public Health (2007): 2132-2142. Retrieved from: HYPERLINK “http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2089086/” t “_blank” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2089086/
During the early times, the vampire was characterized as a creature with no human feelings.
Vampires
Introduction
During the early times, the vampire was characterized as a creature with no human feelings. It was characterized as a creature that had an uncontrollable blood – thirst. It could attack humans for the sake of nourishing itself with blood. Besides, it could not live without blood since it depended on blood for survival without consuming other foods. However, with years, the vampire developed human feelings and started to be characterized as being romantic to humans. The desire grew more and more and vampires began to be compared with humans in terms of their actions (Statesboro 1). In fact, todays vampires live together with humans since they have developed the character of being compassionate. From being a human hunter, today the vampire is a human protector. This shows the level of advancement in character of vampires. It is even possible to live with vampires and fail to notice whether they are vampires since their character has become transformed as time elapses (Statesboro 1). The manner, in which, the different films portray vampires is different form; some portray them as being ruthless to humans, while others portray them as being friendly. This is an indication that the vampires are losing their monstrosity and can now be portrayed as normal beings. In this assignment, a comparison and contrast of the characteristics of vampires as depicted in the Dracula and the Vampire Diaries will be discussed in order to show that vampires are losing their monstrosity and are now portrayed as normal human beings.
The vampires have been given fearful appearances, which tend to cause fear to the humans. For instance, in the Dracula, different characteristics of vampires that cause fear have been portrayed; some of these characteristics include vampires are living dead because they do not breathe and have no heartbeat, yet they walk, think and talk like humans. They are immortal, but they have to sustain themselves through drinking the blood of the living. In order to become a vampire, an individual’s body must be drained first of the blood and fed with some of the blood of the attacking vampire (Stoker 92). Vampires are nocturnal implying that they are weak during the day. Vampires are usually repulsed by Christian symbols like crosses; they have magical powers and can command night creatures such as wolves and bats, and can hypnotize living creatures. Vampires have the capacity to shift shape and appear in different forms. Vampires have pale white skin, fangs to bite victims and long finger nails. Through imagining these characteristics, it is difficult for a person to desire living close to a vampire.
In the Dracula, vampires are depicted to have a characteristic of a non-living being. This indicates that the vampires are already dead and; therefore, do not require most usual things required for supporting human life such as oxygen (Dracula film). This characteristic portrays vampires as being totally different from humans and; hence, are not capable of doing some usual things that a human being can do; for example, having relationships with other human beings that is under the guidance of compassion. Besides, through this characteristic, the vampires are portrayed to have an exceedingly horrifying appearance since it is remarkably difficult for a normal human being to encounter a dead human and not afford to fear the encounter. However, this is different in the Vampire Diaries since the vampires are portrayed to have a living characteristic rather than a dead one. Through portraying vampires as humans that are living, the Vampire Diaries portrays vampires to have the ability to associate with other humans because they seem to possess the traits of humans such as breathing in oxygen and carrying out usual roles that humans perform. This portrays the change of the appearance of vampires from the traditional perspective to the modern perspective.
The vampires are portrayed to survive by the use of blood alone in the Dracula since they are not deemed to eat any other food except blood alone. However, this characteristic of feasting on blood alone is not manifested in the Vampire Diaries. In the Vampire Diaries, vampires are portrayed to use blood and food rather than using blood alone (The Vampire Diaries film). Although using other food items is considered useless for the survival of the vampires, they are portrayed to consume food and feast on the blood in the Vampire Diaries. The characteristic of eating food shows that the vampires have the characteristic of normal humans, which is an indication that they have changed their monstrosity appearance. This point of view is indicated by the capacity of the vampires to eat food like other humans, which implies that the vampires can live together with the normal humans.
In the Dracula, vampires are usually depicted to have the characteristic of blood-thirst, which they are not capable of controlling (Dracula film). This implies that once they encounter human or animal blood, they are not capable of controlling their urge and; therefore, must feast on the blood of the human or the animal. Such a characteristic makes it difficult for vampires to live in a common setting with humans because they will always crave for human blood. However, this is a traditional characteristic of vampires, which the modern vampires do not possess. In the Vampire Diaries, which is a representation of modern vampires, the vampires are portrayed have the characteristic of controlling the urge of feasting on blood. This means that the vampires are capable of living together with humans and not feast on blood. This characteristic implies that instead of having the perception that vampires will have to drink human blood in order to survive, and cannot control their thirst for blood, vampires need to be perceived as creatures that have human understanding and must not take human blood in order to quench their thirst for blood.
The Dracula portrays vampires as creatures that are not capable of living together with humans because, in the film, the vampires are portrayed to live in environments that normal human beings cannot live in; for example, in deserted places and places where the dead are found. This shows that they do not have the capacity to live with people since they can only live with the dead. On the other hand, the Vampire Diaries portray vampires as having the capacity to live together with humans (Smith 87). Through living with humans, the vampires are portrayed to have the capacity to build relationships with other humans and interact accordingly.
Besides, sexual attraction is a characteristic associated with the vampires in the Dracula and the Vampire Diaries. This characteristic is extreme in both; however, in the Dracula, the vampires are portrayed to have an uncontrolled desire to sexual attraction. This is a trait that vampires in the Vampire Diaries have the capacity to control. The control of sexual attraction by the vampires is an indication that modern vampires are capable of controlling their sexual urges just like humans. On the other hand, in the Vampire Diaries, vampires are portrayed to have the ability to take care of human beings. However, this is different with the vampires in the Dracula because the vampires are portrayed to consider protecting or taking care of humans as difficult (The Vampire Diaries film). Because of the ability of vampires to take care of human beings, the characteristic of vampires being seen as monsters have been eliminated and are now being regarded as human beings.
In the Dracula, it is difficult for vampires to engage in a group of normal individuals and participate in normal activities that humans can engage in such as partying together and leading a common life together. This is because of the inhumane characteristic that is associated with the vampires in the Dracula. However, this is not the case in the Vampire Diaries. In the Vampire Diaries, the vampires have the ability to engage in different activities that humans engage in without any problem, despite interacting with the normal human beings. The capacity of engaging in activities, where humans are, is a vital element in eliminating the likelihood of vampires engaging in blood feasting. This because once the vampires engage in groups with the normal human beings, they are capable of repressing their urge for feasting on blood. The participation of vampires in different activities that human do without feasting on human blood portrays the vampires as normal beings.
In addition, the way of attacking their prey is considered to be different in the Vampire Diaries and the Dracula. In the Dracula, the vampires are characterized by the capacity to attack humans during the night (Dracula film), which is an indication that the vampires were acting not as humans, but as animals. This emanates from the reasoning that most normal human beings work during the day and sleep during the night. The attack is a monstrosity in nature because the vampires did not seem to care about whom they are attacking; whether someone they know or a stranger. What matters in the Dracula is the ability of the vampire to quench the thirst of blood. However, the mode of attacking their prey is different in the Vampire Diaries because the vampires do not need to attack their prey in a cruel manner. According to their mode of attacking, they attack individuals that they do not have a relationship with or those that they do not care about (The Vampire Diaries film). For instance, it is exceedingly difficult for the vampires to attack and kill close friends and relatives. This indicates a change in the manner, in which, the modern vampires tend to attack their prey. In most modern cases, modern vampires do not kill their target; this is an indication of humanistic consideration. Hence, the vampires are now usually filled with compassion before acting.
Furthermore, in the Vampire Diaries, modern vampires are characterized by the capacity to influence and hinder other vampires from attacking. Instead of combining forces in attacking a certain human in order to obtain blood, the vampires help fellow vampires in controlling their urge (The Vampire Diaries film). This is not the case in the Dracula as the vampires tend to act without any controlling force. This indicates that the modern vampires are changing their monstrosity and are now portrayed as normal beings.
Conclusion
The characteristics that were formerly given to vampires are now changing and vampires are now changing their monstrosity making them become portrayed as normal human beings. In the Dracula, vampires are usually depicted to have the characteristic of blood-thirst, which they are not capable of controlling. However, this is a traditional characteristic of vampires, which the modern vampires do not possess. In the Vampire Diaries, which is a representation of modern vampires, the vampires are portrayed to have the characteristic of controlling the urge of feasting on blood. The vampires are capable of interacting with human beings and providing care for them (Senf 53). This relationship between the vampires and normal humans has led to the portraying of vampires as having the characteristics of a normal being. In the Dracula, it is difficult for vampires to engage in a group of normal individuals and participate in normal activities that humans can engage in such as partying together and leading a common life together. However, this is not the case in the Vampire Diaries. In the Vampire Diaries, the vampires have the ability to engage in different activities that humans engage in without any problem, despite interacting with the normal human beings. The Dracula portrays vampires as creatures that are not capable of living together with humans because, in the film, the vampires are portrayed to live in environments that normal human resides. On the other hand, the Vampire Diaries portray vampires as having the capacity to live together with humans.
Works Cited
Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print.
Statesboro, G. Andrew. Dracula Vs. The Modern Vampire, 2012. Print.
Dracula. Browning, Tod. Universal Pictures, 1931. Film.
The Vampire Diaries. Williamson and Plec, Julie. The CW Network, 2009. Film.
Smith, L J. Moonsong. London: Hodder Children’s, 2012. Print.
Senf, Carol A. The Vampire in Nineteenth-Century English Literature. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 2008. Print.