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Dubliners Araby By James Joyce
Dubliners: “Araby” By James Joyce
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc378592031” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc378592031 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc378592032” Background Information PAGEREF _Toc378592032 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc378592033” Presentation of Setting PAGEREF _Toc378592033 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc378592034” Impact of the Use of Setting (Arguments) PAGEREF _Toc378592034 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc378592035” Conclusion PAGEREF _Toc378592035 h 5
IntroductionThe short story, “Araby” by James Joyce, presents a narrative about the life of an unnamed boy who is infatuated by his friend’s sister. As a demonstration of his love for her, the boy seeks out to buy his sweetheart a gift as the Araby bazaar, which he considers as the best shop to get this gift. Through the use of the various characters in the story, the author puts his message regarding immature idealism and desire, which is subjected to disappointment.
The use of setting in the short story, “Araby” in James Joyce’s Dubliners has been receive a considerable amount of contest regarding the connotation and meaning that it provides its readers (Doloff 113-115). This is, specifically, in relation to bringing out the theme of love in the story. While some believe that the setting in “Araby” has been used to present love as being ideal (Müller 1-36), others argue that the setting has been used to illustrate love as being pragmatic. The former believe that the narrative regards a story about a desire for an ideal love, whereas the latter hold the notion that the boy’s infatuation presents a negative romantic irony (Ehrlich 309-331).
This paper examines the use of setting in James Joyce’s short story, “Araby”. Specifically, the paper examines how the setting has been used to reinforce the different themes and characters in the story, as well as, bring out the idea of dream versus reality. The paper argues the setting in the short story, “Araby”, brings out the theme of love as both ideal and pragmatic.
Background InformationThe stories presented in Dubliners are based on James Joyce’s conviction that Dublin, in the years around the 1900’s, was characterized by extreme devout paralysis (Ehrlich 309-331). For that reason, all the stories presented in his book shared a common setting, which was the old Dublin. In most work of literature, the setting defines the atmosphere or the tone of the narrative. Not only does a narrative’s setting set the tone for the story being told, it also gives the narrative its resultant connotation and effect on readers. The short story, “Araby” is devoted to the use of setting to bring out various themes in the story, as well as, build on the characters in the book. Arguably, without the narrative’s setting, the story would not carry the meaning and significance that it does, and for that reason, would not have been a story at all (Doloff 113-115). Primarily, the setting presented in “Araby” portrays Dublin as a place where individuals are presented with an array of dehumanizing experiences.
Place Setting
Just like in all the other stories in the novel, Dubliners, the place setting of “Araby” is in Dublin, Ireland. Specifically, the story is set in the quiet North Richmond Street in Dublin. The most part of the story takes place at the narrator’s home, which is integrated with the scenes in various parts of his neighborhood (Ehrlich 309-331). The Araby bazaar is the second location setting used in the narrative, and it is in this setting that the readers are introduced to the different themes of the story.
Time Setting
The time setting presented in “Araby”, is between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. This can be picked from the small descriptions of the boy’s world, which are associated with the character of the Dublin society during this time.
Presentation of SettingThe setting in “Araby” is presented in two main ways including dream versus reality and darkness versus light. This presentation assists in the development of the various themes in the story, as well as, the character development.
Dream versus Reality
In the story, the boy, who is also the central character of the narrative is presented as person who is hopeful for a world of fantasy. His life in ‘reality’ is presented as being drab, ugly, and free from love (Doloff 113-115). For that reason, he yearns for a different life from the one he is living. In the story, the author explains a young boy’s world that is inimical to his ideals and dreams. To, further, illustrate the boy’s dreams and desires, the author provides a comparison of the boy’s differing views about his real world, as well as, the world in which he hopes to live. The real world is defined as being loveless, dark, and isolated, and it is a world, which the boy is striving to escape from. His dream world, however, is brought out as being vibrant and full of love, a love that he intends to share with the girl of his dreams (Müller 1-36). The contrast between these two worlds is further illustrated when the boy’s disappointment occurs, as he is forced to face reality, and awaken to the world around him.
Darkness versus Light
In the story, “Araby”, the author utilizes imagery of darkness and light, obscurely, to illustrate the boys dreams and reality (Ehrlich 309-331). The usage of darkness, as well as, other gloomy references creates the overall mood of the boy’s life and world. His real life is dull and boring, hence the need for a dark description to help the readers believe his story much better. Contrastingly, light is used by the author as a definition of what the boy considers as his ideal life. Observably, light is used in the boy’s description of Mangan’s sister, with whom he has been infatuated with. For that reason, light is used for the creation of the boy’s fairytale world, a world of dreams and illusions (Müller 1-36). Whereas darkness is used to describe a worldly, dull atmosphere, light is used to describe a heavenly and joyful atmosphere, which the boy longs for.
Impact of the Use of Setting (Arguments)The immediate effect of the use of setting in the short story is that it illustrates the difference between idealism and realism. Additionally, the readers are introduced to a character that survives on his tawdry superficiality, and, in turn, ends up suffering for it. In essence, literalists agree that the impact of the story to readers involves the provision of a contrast between dreams and reality (Doloff 113-115). However, the connotation of this contrast cannot be established as they cannot agree on whether or not love is presented as a good thing. Spiritual paralysis, which further builds on the concept of dream versus reality is also illustrated in the narrative and assists in explaining the contrasting ways in which love is presented by the author.
Literalists who believe that love is brought out as something that is ideal in the story, explain that the setting in the story embodies a form of spiritual paralysis whereby the ideal, which is love, cannot be attained (Ehrlich 309-331). The setting of the boy’s world defies the fulfillment of his love, as he does not receive the love he has for his friend’s sister back. The argument here is that the boy’s realistic world prevents him from achieving his ideal state of life. The setting, in such a case, is presented in the view of darkness versus light. The dark tone presents the boy’s real life, whereas the light tone presents his ideal dream.
Opposers of the argument, also the supporters of the presentation of love in a pragmatic nature, argue that love is represented as an empty and futile flirtation. They argue that, the boy’s immature infatuation regarding love, prevented him from living his ideal life, as he kept hoping for something that he knew very well he could not achieve (Ehrlich 309-331). In essence, love is presented as a state of disillusionment where people cannot separate the ideal from the real. In this argument, the boy attained his ideal life when he finally grows up and receives gratification for true life and true living (Müller 1-36). In this case, the setting is used with special relation to dreams versus reality, whereby there is emphasis on living the real life as opposed to a hopeless dream.
ConclusionAfter a careful analysis of the opposing arguments regarding the real nature of love as brought out in the novel, I have come to the conclusion that love if neither ideal or pragmatic. This is because, throughout the novel, the concept of love is presented from the perception of the boy, and for that reason cannot be concluded as having any tangible effect on an individual. Accordingly, the theme of love as brought out in “Araby” can be both pragmatic or ideal, depending on the lone of thought that one chooses to take.
Work Cited
Barney, Rick et al. Analyzing “Araby” as Story and Discourse: A Summary of the MURGE
Project. James Joyce Quarterly, 18.3(1981): 237-254.
Collins, Ben L. Joyce’s “Araby” and the “Extended Simile”. James Joyce Quarterly, 4.2(1967):
84-90.
Doloff, Steven. Aspects of Milton’s Paradise Lost in James Joyce’s “Araby”. James Joyce
Quarterly, 33.1(1995): 113-115.
Ehrlich, Heyward. “Araby” in Context: The “Splendid Bazaar,” Irish Orientalism, and James
Clarence Mangan. James Joyce Quarterly, 35.2/3(1998): 309-331.
Joyce, James. “Araby”, in Dubliners. Forgotten books, 1954. Web. 22 December 2011.
<<http://books.google.co.ke/books?id=0b703zfVVTQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:%22James+Joyce%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=QAfsTq-mBomJsALBrJieCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=inauthor%3A%22James%20Joyce%22&f=false>>
Morse, Donald E. Sing Three Songs of Araby: Theme and Allusion in Joyce’s “Araby”. College
Literature, 5.2(1978): 125-132.
Müller, Sarah. Adolescence, Love and Sex in James Joyce’s Short Stories “Araby” and “An
Encounter”. United Kingdom: GRIN Verlag, 2009. Print.
Sosnoski, James J. Story and Discourse, and the Practice of Literary Criticism: “Araby,” a Test
Case. James Joyce Quarterly, 18.3(1981): 255-265.
Stone, Harry. “Araby” and the Writings of James Joyce. The Antioch Review, 25.3 (1965):
375-410.
Robinson, David W. The Narration of Reading in Joyce’s “The Sisters” “An Encounter,” and
“Araby”. Texas Studies in Literature and Language, 29.4(1987): 377-396
DUBAL Risk Assessment
DUBAL Risk Assessment
Introduction
Dubai Aluminium Company Limited (DU BAL) is a state-owned company based in United Arab Emirates (UAE) (Dubai aluminium, 2011a). It is a major supplier of extrusion billets for construction markets, foundry alloys to the automotive industry and high purity primary aluminium for use in the electronics and aerospace industry, both in the local and in the international market. This company was established in 1975 Jebel Ali, Dubai, to aid the diversification of the economy of United Arab Emirates. According to Dubai aluminium, (2011a), it is currently ranked the seventh largest producer of aluminium in the world and the largest in the Gulf Co-operation Council region. The key objective of this company is to expand its operations internationally and eventually grab a bigger market share in its industry. As part of its expansion activities, this company currently intends to penetrate in Singapore market. The purpose of this paper is to provide a risk assessment that will enable DUBAL to expand its operations in Singapore. Generally, it analyzes macro and micro-environments under which DUBAL thrives. It provides an overview of the political, economic, and social environments under which this company thrives. It also assesses the impacts of these macro-environment factors on the performance of DUBAL, both locally and internationally. In addition, it analyses the company’s competitors as well as its customers in the local and international market.
Political Environment
DUBAL is entirely owned by the state and hence its goals and mission are always in line with those of the government. The government of UAE maintains a pro-western stance in regards to foreign policy, which contributes to stable economic arena, both politically and economically. UAE enjoys strong political stability which assures DUBAL of low political risks (IMF, 2011). The government of UAE charges competitive import duties at 4% and sometimes, importers are exempted from it. UAE is a contracting party of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in 1994 and World Trade Organization, among other trade agreements. The government of UAE imposes a 5 percent tariff on imports, which is significantly lower compared to 15 percent that is charged under most international trade regulations. According to IMF (2011), it rarely imposes non-tariff trade barriers or restrictions. Generally, the protectionist policies set by UAE government are not severe. The engagement in international trade agreements has facilitated this country to set up regulations that help to strengthen the country’s position as an open economy that welcomes international trade. These factors provide a wide range of opportunities for DUBAL to expand operations in Singapore.
Economic environment
DUBAL’s external economic environment contributes heavily to its performance. The home country for this company, UAE, has a high per capita GDP of approximately $164.4 billion which is largely attributable to oil and gas production in the country. It has well developed transport and communication infrastructure and reliable power. Inflation rate in UAE has always been low, with an average of 2.5 percent recorded in the last two decades. The recent global financial crisis did not have a substantial impact on the economy of UAE. Unemployment rate in the country has also been low and has averaged 3.0 percent in the last 15 years. According to Dubai aluminium (2011a), Emirati workers have completed, on average, two and half years of secondary education, a rate that is above the global average. This local economic environment, therefore, provides DUBAL with great incentive that will enable it to expand to Singapore.
Apart from the local market, DUBAL sells its products in the Middle East, the Asian region, Europe, Far East, and Mediterranean region, and North America. The economies of countries in most of these regions offer all the advantages of a highly developed economy. They have highly developed transport and communication infrastructures. In addition, most of them have well developed and efficient financial sectors (Dubai aluminium, 2012). DUBAL has gained enough experience from its operations in those regions that will facilitate entry into Singapore Market.
Social-cultural Environment
According to Dubai aluminium (2011b), DUBAL has established workers community involvement programs that support practices that enable it to enjoy vibrant social-culture, both in the local and in the international market. Its workers in United Arab Emirates volunteer their time, financial resources and energy to support various community-based organizations that help to improve the quality of life of disadvantaged and disempowered communities. Some of the international markets for DUBAL have a culture that is distant from its domestic culture. As a result, this company has established effective ways of breaking these cultural boundaries. According to Dubai aluminium (2011b), DUBAL has benchmarked all of its activities in the international market in line with the best social practices that suit each specific cultural group. It shares its ideas, problems and solutions with other organizations in the target market and uses the information gained to the best interest of different cultural groupings. This company places the health and safety of its employees and of the communities in the target markets above all other priorities (Dubai aluminium, 2011b). The organization has trained its employees to provide differentiated treatments to individuals of different social classes, religions or families, depending on their beliefs and social values that they support. Therefore, this organization focuses on enhancing a positive social-cultural environment by creating and maintaining quality of life for all. Generally, DUBAL has essential experience in handling social-cultural differences of different social and cultural groups that will enable it to penetrate easily in Singapore market.
Competition
DUBAL thrives in an industry that is extremely competitive and highly consolidated. The competitiveness is attributable to the existing entry barriers in this industry. United Company Rusal is currently the global leader in aluminium production. Its production accounts for approximately 11 percent of the world’s aluminium output and 13% of the world’s alumina output (Aluminium industry, 2012). Other companies ranking higher than DUBAL in aluminium production are Rio Tinto Alcan, Aluminum Company of America, Chalco, Hydro Aluminium and BHP Billiton. Most of these companies are penetrating rapidly in the international market through acquisitions and mergers. Some enjoy better protection from their local governments in their local markets compared to DUBAL. They also enjoy higher profits than DUBAL (Aluminium industry, 2012). However, DUBAL can enhance its profitability by expanding in the international market. It can achieve this through direct entry and establishment of its operations in more countries and regions or through mergers and acquisitions with other overseas companies. It should also maintain its production of high quality primary aluminium than most of these major competitors.
DUBAL’s has established plans to outwit its key competitors. It has recently signed a joint venture agreement with Mubadala to create a company called Emirates Aluminium Company Limited (Dubal’s corporate ambitions, 2012). This project is designed to be the largest single-site aluminium smelter complex in the world. The company is also upgrading its production technology, which will enable it to become the most competitive low-cost smelter in the industry. The additional capacity that will be generated by these developments will place DUBAL firmly on track in gaining a competitive edge in the aluminium production industry. By expanding to Singapore, DUBAL will have taken a step further in outwitting its competitors.
Customers
DUBAL sells its products to more than 300 customers in 50 countries predominantly in the Middle East, the ASEAN region, Europe, Far East, and Mediterranean region and North America. According to Dubai aluminium (2011c), an estimated 8 percent of DUBAL’s annual production is sold in the local market, while the rest is exported to global markets. This company sells its aluminium products in wholesale to other businesses where they are used as raw materials for other production processes. As noted earlier, this company sells extrusion billets for construction purposes, foundry alloys to the automotive industry and high purity primary aluminium to electronics and aerospace producing companies (Dubai aluminium, 2011c).
Consumer decision-making process in aluminium production industry involves recognition of the problem or need, search of information regarding the existing aluminium producing industries, evaluation and selection of alternatives, implementation of the decision through purchasing from the selected seller and finally, evaluation of suitability of the product purchased. Consumer cultural values, ideas, attitudes and beliefs regarding the products of an aluminium producing company or regarding the domestic culture of an aluminium producing company may have considerable influence on purchasing decisions. Also, social factors such as social class, level of education and occupation may influence purchasing decisions. Customer’s purchasing decisions in the aluminium industry may also be influenced by personal factors such as Sex, Race and Age. The Psychological factors include safety, self esteem, self actualization and the feeling of sense of belonging to a specific company. Understanding of these factors is crucial to DUBAL in its process of venturing into a new market in Singapore.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this analysis provides a brief but concise risk assessment that will enable DUBAL to venture into a new market in Singapore. The political, economic and social environments under which this company currently thrives are supportive to its internationalization ambitions. Though the company faces stiff competition from other aluminum producing companies in the world, it stands a chance to improve its profit figures through expansion into the untapped markets. As explained in the analysis, this company sells its products to other producers to be used as inputs. As DUBAL proceeds with its internationalization strategy, it needs to understand the various factors that influence consumer decision making, as examined in the analysis.
References
“Aluminium industry,” 2012, Retrieved 23, October from,
HYPERLINK “http://www.aluminiumleader.com/en/serious/industry/” http://www.aluminiumleader.com/en/serious/industry/
“Dubal’s Corporate ambitions” available from, HYPERLINK “http://www.dubal.ae/” http://www.dubal.ae/
Dubai aluminium, (2011a), our corporate profile, Retrieved 23, October from, HYPERLINK “http://www.dubal.ae/who-we-are/our-corporate-profile.aspx” http://www.dubal.ae/who-we-are/our-corporate-profile.aspx
Dubai aluminium, (2011b), how we care, Retrieved 23, October from
HYPERLINK “http://www.dubal.ae/howwe-care/quality-environmental-standards.aspx” http://www.dubal.ae/howwe-care/quality-environmental-standards.aspx
Dubai aluminium, (2011c), key markets, Retrieved 23, October from
http://www.dubal.ae/our-products/primary-aluminium/key-markets.aspx
Dubai aluminium, (2012), our innovations, Retrieved 23, October from,
HYPERLINK “http://www.dubal.ae/our-innovations/development-and-transfer.aspx” http://www.dubal.ae/our-innovations/development-and-transfer.aspx
IMF (2011), Article IV Consultation – United Arab Emirates, Staff Report, Washington D.C
Dubai police
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Institution
Tutor
Course
Date
Dubai police
Introduction
Dubai police established in 1956 meets the aspects of an excellent organization and, therefore, making it a world-class organization. World-class organizations have a continuous improvement while offering their services, and that gives an explanation as to why most world class organizations have branches in many parts of the world rather than their region of formation. The police force formed in; 1956 was based in a region known as “Naif Fort” that acted as it headquarters. About 17 years later, the headquarter was made one of the police stations probably because of the quality of service it offered to the people.OutperformanceWorld-class organizations out stand in all aspects especially when it comes to service and products delivery. Customers prefer world-class organizations because of the services and goods they offer. Most world-class organizations out do others in the performance and get awards for their quality service delivery. Dubai police force won many awards because of their excellent performance both locally, regionally and even globally. Because the organization can outsmart others even globally, it is a world-class organization and is recognized worldwide. In most of the competitions in which the police force indulged in, they were able to be the best. Because the police force led in most of the competitions, they are a world-class organization.Outstanding leadershipWorld-class organizations have outstanding leadership. Outstanding leadership is important for the success of world-class organizations since the leaders lead in many areas globally. For an organization to be successful, it has to have outstanding leaders who create other leaders instead of creating followers. The police force is led by Sheikh Mohammad Bin Rashid AlMaktoum; Vice-President, Prime Minister, and Ruler of Dubai who is an outstanding leader because of the reforms he has placed in his country making it one of the most developed .Innovative and inventiveWorld-class organizations are innovation focused and aims at developing technologies that make their service delivery easy and quicker. They are also inventive since in order to outperform others they have to come up with new ways of tackling the market. Right individuals placed at the appropriate place make the possibility of outstanding others possible. Dubai police force is the first to recognize the importance of technological and cultural advancements in places of work. Due to the innovative nature of the police force, they are the first to introduce electronic services in their system in order to make transactions in an effective manner.Operational excellenceMost world-class organizations observe the excellence when it comes to matters relating to how they operate. Flawless operations form one of the priorities of world-class organizations. They make sure they meet the commitments given to the customers and always have a back-up plan in order to avoid any problems that might arise in the case of scarce resources. Dubai police use the highest and most precise measures of operation when performing its duties through the guidance of institutional performance indicators. The police force also observes the use of a strategic plan thus making its work easier when it comes to managing human and financial resources. Personal excellence that form one of the important aspects of world-class organizations is observed by Dubai police force making it one of the best police force.ConclusionDubai police are a world-class organization because of its continuous improvement while offering services, and has outstanding leadership that makes it easier for an organization to succeed. The police force is also an innovation focused and aims at developing technologies that make their service delivery easy and quicker. Most world-class organizations are outstanding when it comes to service delivery and, therefore, Dubai police is a world class organization because of its outstanding performance when competing with others.