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HBOs In Treatment
Name
Professor
Course
Date
In treatment
1).Paul’s therapeutic style (the use of directiveness and judgmental acceptance)
Directiveness and judgment acceptance is one of the techniques used by therapists during treatment. Paul applies this style with all his patients making viewers have a better understanding of the method. This technique is unique in that it encourages confrontational reactions from the patients. This brings out the true feelings of individual patients who are placed between a rock and a hard place. Paul’s patients are different but show the same type of characteristics when this technique is applied. One of the reactions involves the display of denial which is triggered by the lack of acceptance. Patients learn how to deal with their issues directly making them have more strength to move forward.
2).Examples of specific therapeutic techniques that Paul uses in therapy discussed in class
Paul uses the Alderian technique during his sessions. This involves using positive aspects of a patient’s life so as to remind them of their value. Paul makes the patient discover the significance of recovering from their issues. This gives the patients a goal to achieve thus makes them have something that they can apply their effort.
Another therapeutic method is psychoanalysis of patients. This is used to determine the inception of the problem. This method is ideal in that it allows for the patient to have a second chance at approaching their demons. Psychoanalytic therapy is not the first method that therapists conduct on their patients. It is however recommended for treatments that seem to remain stagnant for a period of time.
3).Explain Sophie’s problems and behavior using concepts discussed in class
Sophie is the youngest patient that Paul has. Her case is different from the rest of the patients in that it is reflective of a majority of teenagers in the country. Sophie’s case is however more intense in that her parents have affected her actions in school. She thus becomes unstable and acts up by looking for love from someone else. Sophie takes advantage of her coach’s affection making her situation more complex. Her behavior is wanting in that she displays suicidal tendencies. This distracts her from school life making her live an alternative life from her peers.
4).Which theoretical orientation may be best used to characterize Paul’s therapy technique, explain Sophie’s problems
Paul’s therapy techniques changes with different patients. In Sophie’s case, Paul lets her talk about her life in general. This consists of her relationship with her parents, friends and teacher. Paul asks to speak to her parents so as to find out the root of the problem. This involves conducting an analysis of her behavior and reactions to certain elements. One of the problems is that Sophie tries to solve her parent’s problems. Paul assures her that she should not try to be the parent and be the child.
5).What treatment techniques would you use that Paul did not use
The treatment techniques that I would use that Paul did not use is hypnotism. I would hypnotize Sophie’s so as to trace the time that she started acting up. Hypnosis is reserved for severe cases; Sophie’s condition may be downplayed due to its resemblance with other situations. A close look at her reaction to different occurrences shows the crucial state of her health. Going back to the time she was happy can unravel the events that occurred prior to her behavioral change. This would assist Paul to rectify the issue at hand.
Do muslims feel racism towards themselves due to their religIon in the major cities of the UK
Abstract
Muslims have always been associated with acts of terrorism in the whole world. This is a sensitive issue in the UK and consequently brings about the issue of racial segregation. However, a clear understanding of Muslims as religious people leads to the realization that it is not all the Muslims who engage in the acts of terrorism. The leaders of such groups take the advantage of the poor people who are uneducated who are brainwashed and indulged in the acts of terrorism. This paper attempts to collect information on the issue of a feeling of racism among the Muslims in the UK as a result of their religion affiliation. Much information has been collected from past literature that has been written on the same topic. It has also been imperative to conduct some research on the topic to come up with a clear picture on the issue of racism among the Muslims in different cities in the UK including London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, and Cardiff. The research has been conducted on 50 people from each mosque, 150 per city, 50% male and 50% female and therefore 750 total.
Hypothesis
On account of the involvement of the Muslims in various acts of terrorism. They should be treated as a suspicious group among the rest of the citizens
Research question
Do Muslims feel racism towards themselves due to their religion in the major cities of the UK?
Introduction
This paper posits to answer the following question, “Do Muslims feel racism towards themselves due to their religion in the major cities of the UK? To arrive at a coherent answer to this question, it is important to appreciate the fact that Britain is a multicultural nation. The population of the country is above the mark of 60.6 million citizens who hail from a diversity of races, cultural backgrounds as well as religion (European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), 2003). It is vital to comprehend the rationale behind the wide diversity in Britain. The most significant factor behind the diversity is that a wide array of communities settled in this region for a considerable time period thus leaving behind some important legacies that they were associated with (Brooks, 2005).
Literature review
Estimated populations of about 4.6 million which represent about 7.9% of these people are from the minority groups. According to the statistics of 2001 census, the following groups of people have resided in the UK in the past millennium; the Celts, Romans, Northern Europe settlers and the Jewish settlers. Most immigrants came from India, Bangladesh and Pakistan after the British Empire collapsed around 1960s and 1970s (Fryer, 1984). A record of political as well as religious refugees in addition to asylum seekers has also been documented who were accorded refugee status in UK. Additionally, there has been an expansion in the European Union leading to numerous Eastern Europeans entering the UK in the recent past (Davis, 1999).
The government has been involved in frantic efforts of fighting discrimination in this country. This has been achieved through the enactment of numerous laws aimed at ensuring that all people have an access to a fair as well as equal treatment. The laws which were implemented in UK in regard to the fight against discrimination have their basis on race, the gender of people, their disability status, their social orientation, age and religion (Flynn, 2003).
The organization “The Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC)” which came in to being in 2007 has the responsibility of championing for the equality as well as the human rights for the entire population irrespective of their religion, their race, gender age as well as sexual orientation (Dresser, 1986).
Research methodology
Introduction
This section spells out the procedures and methods that the researcher employed in achieving the objectives of the project so highlighted in the abstract of this paper. It defines the location of the study, research procedures and analysis plan that were addressed in the course of the study consideration when carrying out this particular research. The research was supposed to start with the clear understanding of the research objectives as well as the hypothesis. Success of the project was a factor of the provision of satisfying information in line with the objectives and hypothesis in the determination of transition to reception programs for late birthday children (Bhabha & Shutter, 1994).
The objective of the research just as a recap is to identify Muslims are treated differently by other cultures in the UK due to their religion. It is important to note here that this research was mainly based on the interviews even though other research methodologies were briefly discussed.
Primary research.
Primary research refers to collection of statistics that is non existent. This was considered to be achieved through numerous forms: including the use of interviews at mosque, structured interviews, open ended questionnaires. The major merit with conducting primary research is that it was accurate. However, the disadvantage of primary research was that it was time consuming, as it involved dealing with people from various regions, the human sources may only become resourceful out of their own willingness, and this took them quit sometimes before making up their minds to tell what they knew or give their side stories about your questions on transition to reception programs for late birthday children (Bush, 1999).
Secondary research on the other hand is the collection of existing data, that is, in contrast to primary research. For example: research on experiments or specific subjects. The merit of secondary research is that it’s not time consuming however a disadvantage is that the information retrieved may not be relevant (Judd, 2001).
Choice of research philosophy
Another aspect that is of great significance in this research was the research strategy. It’s the research strategy that indicated which methods a researcher adapted to answer the research objectives or questions on whether Muslims are treated differently by other cultures in the UK due to their religion (Fekete, 1997).
Interviews
In order to achieve the purpose of the investigation, the key focus lies on finding out which techniques should be applied with regard to the achievement of. Interviews were the best method for understanding this research. “A respondent interview is a situation whereby the interviewer directs interviews and the interviewer gives response to questions of researcher”.
In order to analyze the psychological and behavioral reasons for decisions of the sources, the primary data was gathered through the circulation of questionnaires. They however emphasized it is very important to note that questionnaires should reach the right people, to allow for an appropriate amount of information to be collected. Different types of interviews that the researchers opted to apply to their studies. The three are inclusive of the structured interviews, the semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. (Andall, 2003). Interviews were conducted at the at mosque, which included structured interviews, open ended questionnaires.
Sample size
Samples were taken randomly from mosques in London, Birmingham, Manchester, Glasgow, Cardiff.The limit considered for the sake of this research included 50 people from each mosque, 150 per city, 50% male and 50% female and therefore 750 total.
Research validity and reliability
A debate about the findings of the preceding literatures on whether the Muslims are treated differently by other cultures in the UK due to their religion includes discussion of the ‘research’, more often than not referring to the manner in which the statistics were collected”. This research being a phenomenological, all questions are related to theoretical characteristics discussed in literature preview. The process would therefore be accurate in collecting, analyzing and sampling data; hence the validity of result would be quite high. It is important to consider the possibility of existence of a diversity of aspects of validity, which influence the validity of research in general.
Timeframe
Activity Weeks
Week commencing 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 Explore literature Writing literature review Reading on methodology Writing methodology Questionnaire design Collection of qualitative data Collection of quantitative data Analysis of qualitative data Analysis of quantitative data Writing conclusion Submission of first draft Revision and submission of final draft Data analysis and presentation
The collected data will be analysed using the Statistical Programme for Social Scientists (SPSS)
Appropriateness of triangulation to research
The essence of applying triangulation is for the sake of indications of applicability of several methods (excess of two) in the course of the study in consideration of checking double or even triples results checking otherwise known as cross examination. The idea behind the concept is for the researcher to express a high degree of confidence in consideration of the results of diverse methods that give similar results. In case a single method was applied by the researcher, there is a higher tendency of believing that the results are valid. Application of more that one method may result in a clash of the results. The application of about three methods attempting to derive an answer may lead to a similarity of answers from two out of the three methods used. In case of an occurrence of a crash there is then a need of reframing the question (HSE, 2006).
Ethical consideration
The participants were supplied with different questionnaires based on specific areas of interests. The approval or disapproval of implementation of the program was based on its merits and demerits as determined after conducting the research. All the participants were given their respectively informed consent for participation in research. They were informed prior to research, the purposes, potential benefits and also the risks that might be associated with their participation. Ethical standards shall be considered in the process of the procedures of the research.
If the participants chose not to answer any part of the question/s, their right to not answer were acknowledged and it was ensured that the privacy of any person was not compromised upon. Two attempts were made and no further again to respect the privacy of any individual. Besides, the proposals for a general announcement of the ruling for agreeing to contribute to no other involvement incentive were offered. Whilst conducting interviews with the sources, researcher stayed cognitive of the selected interview time and made no efforts to intentionally lengthen the interview. Moreover, as an important part of the ethical considerations, all the sources of secondary data were given complete recognition for their input to this study. The composed data was characterized truthfully and the investigation was to the finest of the researcher’s knowledge and capability
Limitations encountered in the findings
During the carrying out of the research several challenges were encountered which included:
Some respondents were not willing to cooperate in the process of carrying out of the interview.
Some questionnaires were not properly answered while others remained blank forcing the possibility of assumptions to be included here.
There also existed the tedious and long procedures to be followed in order to obtain the entrance to the premises which were coupled by writing of letters for granting of permission.
Some of the government officials were adamant in taking part in the study and appropriate incentives had to be devised to entice them to give the information that they had.
Findings
Despite the frantic efforts of the government to suppress racial prejudice among the muslims in the UK, the research conducted has all indication that these people are usually discriminated in the issues of housing, the provision of healthcare and other amenities. This has resulted to the need of effectively implementing the Equality act of 2006 that is supposed to offer sufficient protection to the individual against the existing discrimination based on religion as well as their beliefs. The service providers have also to be made aware about the rights that these people are entitled to. Most of the people who took part in the research cited issues of democracy, security, fairness as well as justice as the most important issues affecting their life. They also indicated that opportunities to quality education, access to vital services and improved living standards were among the other contentious issues in the government. They expressed some negative feelings concerning social behavior and discrimination.
Bibliography
Andall, J. 2003, Gender and Ethnicity, Oxford, pp238.
Bhabha, J. & Shutter, S. 1994, Women’s Movement. Women under Immigration, Nationality
and Refugee Law, Trentham Books.
Bush, B., 1999, Imperialism, race, and resistance : Africa and Britain, 1919-1945,
Routledge.
Brooks, D. 2005, Race and Labour in London Transport, Oxford University Press.
Davis, M., 1999, Sylvia Pankhurst: A Life in Radical Politics, Pluto Press,
Dresser, M., 1986, Black and White on the Buses, Bristol Broadsides.
European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC), 2003, Migrant and Ethnic Minority Workers
– challenging trade unions, ETUC.
Fekete, L., 1997, Race and Class special issue: Europe the Wages of Racism
Institute of Race Relations (IRR).
Flynn, D., 2003, Tough as old boots? Asylum, immigration and the paradox of New Labour
Policy – A discussion Paper, JCWI.
Fryer, P., 1984, Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain, Pluto Press.
Haque, R., et al, 2002, Migrants in the UK: their characteristics and labour market outcomes
and impacts, Home Office.
Judd, D., 2001, Empire, Phoenix Press.
Do Franchised Chains Advertise Enough
Do Franchised Chains Advertise Enough?
Abstract
Evidence from the research literature and the trade press suggests that advertising is a common source of controversy between channel partners in franchised chains. A theoretical rationalization for this argument is that venture in an asset will be less when that asset is public. Hybrid managerial forms such as franchised chains own a brand name among the franchisor and its franchisees, therefore, advertising that brand name is envisaged to be lower in a franchised chain than in a company chain. To examine the hypothesis, this paper evaluates empirically advertising degrees based on the scope of franchising in restaurant chains and in hotel chains. Advertising drops with the degree of franchising in the two industries, estimating for magnitude of chain and other variables. Implications for theory and marketing practice are discussed.
Introduction
Comparative to the unitary corporate form, hybrid organizational forms such as strategic alliances, channel partnering, joint ventures and franchised chains are growing in significance in the economy (e.g., Dwyer and Oh, 1988; Snow et al., 1992; Stern,
el–Ansary, and Coughlan, 1996). Researchers have evaluated the motivations of such forms for numerous marketing and competitive initiatives. This paper will evaluate the motivations to advertise designed by one hybrid organizational form, franchising. Hypothesis concurs that franchised chains use less finance on advertising than corporate chains due to spillover effects. Due to shared trademark, advertising done by one product spills over to give positive impact on sales in other products with the same trademark. In all cases, this spillover is overlooked by each franchisee since it does not affect individual product or service profits, therefore franchisees advertise less frequently; however, a corporate chain makes use of the spillovers, and advertises even more. The empirical result of this paper validates this hypothesis: franchise chains in both the hotel industries and the restaurant advertise less.
As Bond (1996) observes, there are several reasons that interests franchising. Foremost, it is a wide and growing section of the local and international economy. For instance, in the United States there are over 475, 000 franchised businesses. Michael (1996) in an evaluation done on industry-by-industry provided that franchised chains features in between one-third and two-thirds of the sales in most service industries and retail trade, including copy shops, restaurants, auto repair, hotels, and specialty vending. These areas are heavy users of advertising services. Second, franchising has been extensively studied and its supportive properties and problems are well known. Finally, it is a good example of the hybrid organizational forms proliferating in the economy today.
Discussion in this paper is organized as follows. Necessary background in franchising is presented in the first section. The second part examines the theoretical arguments suggesting underinvestment in advertising by franchised chains.
Literature review
According to Rowe (1998), John Sweetwood president of Holiday Inn Express and veteran of the consumer marketing wars through Ralston Purina and Everyday, observed that the industry of hotels is under-marketed compared to others. Part of the reason is the industry’s relative lack of marketing dollars. Models and theoretical arguments forecast underinvestment in shared assets. For instance, models and arguments are able to predict in a brand due to opportunism and free riding among franchisees and franchisor. Results of conflict in the trade exert support for both motive and method of opportunism. Most specifically, cooperative marketing seems to arouse conflict.
In this paper, marketing is indicated to be negatively linked to the function of franchising in the restaurant and hotel industries, quality, controlling for other variables such as market segment, lifecycle whether alcohol was served, geography and size of the chain. Consequently, a temporary conclusion is that franchised chains do not market well enough. However, two significant caveats must be featured. Foremost, the research has implicit that the promotional and advertising mix is similar between owned chains and franchised in the same industry as well as in comparable size and scope.
Our controls for this issue were relatively coarse
Comparing private versus public chains, as well as comparing chains of geographic scope and similar size, the trade press did not identify and recommend differences in promotional activities neither did it in ad mix. However, considering chains at a national level might present shrouded a difference in competition among owned chains and franchising. In addition, evaluations done by way of survey comparing advertising mix at location approach might find out whether owned chains or franchised compete variedly. In the future, this research might be in position to apply broader samples which do not encompass quality that is a renowned costly feature to estimate since this paper is not to demonstrate that does not affect advertising degrees.
Besides, another valuable advance might evaluate industries where franchising is common against those industries in which it is not so as to distinguish whether advertising spending is not the same. Lastly, a different investigation approach could be used to examine whether value of ads differ by private and franchised chains. In conclusion, franchised chains might advertise variedly but will still need to.
Second, profit effectiveness was not considered. Supplementary studies evaluating the effect of advertising on productivity in private owned and franchised should be considered. Since a considerable number of chains are private owned information might not be provide for calculating effectiveness. An alternative research method might be instituted so as to examine brand equity among consumer population by ways of experiments or surveys. Without examining conclusive decisions alluding that it is as an effect of under-advertising temporarily remain, and therefore warranting further research.
For practitioners, there are temporarily suggestive implications that arise from the theory of marketing strategy that are based on these provided limitations. The theoretical assumption that single ownership provides greater venture in the product is encouraged. Therefore, this might lead to production of poor quality product in hybrid organizational products.
Theory does offer a prescription for this situation
This theory categorically observes the ownership of brand. It states the assignment of brand to a body whose contribution is most valuable irrespective of the inefficient support it offers to its co-party (Hart, 1995). The outcomes provide details regarding the link between marketing strategy and marketing organization. It seems that hybrid organization type establishes challenges on marketing strategy. In the event that the supports of the hybrid organizational form makes the hybrid to advertise less than its competitors operating as single firms, then marketing method that rely on high level advertising is most likely to be less successful for hybrid products. Besides, other viable tools must be applied to secure competitive advantage and differentiation. Such aspects must be cautiously evaluated to identify if they also are vital to the risk of spillovers and free riding.
In franchising, organizational form might have offsetting advantages in other elements of marketing strategy that counter the difficulty in advertising. For instance, franchisees like local unit administrators have higher support than group employee managers, therefore marketing strategy of a franchised chain can be founded on the local knowledge and the ability of franchise and not on advertising. Bradach (1997) provided a second example conjecture that owning units and franchising might contribute to organizational spread and learning of excellent practice and might advocate for introduction of new products.
The magnitude and scope of these benefits and whether they counterbalance advertising challenges is a subject matter for supplementary evaluation. Outcomes of reduced advertising by franchised chains offer an interesting comparison Dwyer and Oh (1988), which examines the option of marketing strategy involving the distinct organizational forms in the hardware trade. The dealer cooperative is one such form where individual traders organize and a wholesale firm that executes distribution services for its constituents. This form of organization should have a competitive advantage in mass merchandising and differentiation through store advertising since the ownership organization of the cooperative system alleviates opportunism in the channel.
The significant difference between hardware dealer cooperatives and franchised chains is the organizational structure of the channel leader. In such organization, all the members as well as the leader of the cooperative are not profit oriented. On the other hand, the franchisor is an independent business entity, with different goals from franchisees. In future organizational form of a dealer coop might be an option for chains. Western Sizzlin, one organization in the information set, has in recent times become mostly franchisee-owned (Carlino, 1994).
The use of franchisee ownership, or the cooperative form, reduces the spillover between franchisor and franchisee although it retains the problem of free riding in franchisees. In a related setting, franchisee councils have increasingly become extremely prominent in recent times, and might be able to tackle free-riding between the franchisees, and conceivably even assist franchisor supervising of ad spending. Contrasting these hybrid forms and their performance might provide insight into the relative extent of the 2 dimensions of spillover, among franchisee and between franchisees and franchisor, besides how to efficiently approach the crisis.
The outcomes also have temporal implications for a firm deciding whether to structure as a franchised chain or not. Earlier study recognized that franchising is an excellent solution to the agency problem formed within a setup of decentralized operations, resulting from higher sales and profit, as well as inducing higher effort from the franchisee-site leader. The business press is similarly full of praise. But franchising
is not an organizational panacea. Organizations intending to base on long-run brand establishing might reasonably opt to avoid franchising, consequently sacrificing increase and sales in the short run for better outcomes from brand capital in the long run. Likewise, perhaps organizations that already franchise acknowledge lower advertising to emphasize other viable variables like increase and size, against nonfranchising competitors. The sudden development guaranteed by franchising might yield proceeds from first mover compensation in location or customers’ perceptions, as well as counterbalance losses from under-advertising. Finally, supplementary study to validate and expand these findings might be of significant value. One particular direction might encompass the examining of strong brands with diffuse ownership, like the McDonalds.
In conclusion, it would be appealing to see if marketing or managerial variables might overpower the effect of motivations to increase advertising. Additional work applying profitability information and other industry settings would be valuable to establish the total effect of hybrid organizational forms like franchising on marketing strategy, profitability, competitive positioning, as well as consumer benefit.