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Do British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection
Do British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society?
Contents
TOC o “1-3” h z u HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426575” INTRODUCTION PAGEREF _Toc385426575 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426576” LITERATURE REVIEW PAGEREF _Toc385426576 h 1
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426577” Primary Research PAGEREF _Toc385426577 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426578” Introduction PAGEREF _Toc385426578 h 2
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426579” Choice of research philosophy PAGEREF _Toc385426579 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426580” Questionnaires PAGEREF _Toc385426580 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426581” Research validity and reliability PAGEREF _Toc385426581 h 3
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426582” Limitations encountered PAGEREF _Toc385426582 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426583” Appropriateness of triangulation to research PAGEREF _Toc385426583 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426584” Ethical consideration PAGEREF _Toc385426584 h 4
HYPERLINK l “_Toc385426585” Data analysis and presentation PAGEREF _Toc385426585 h 5
INTRODUCTIONA great deal of attention has been accorded to some of the activities that are associated with celebrities. The news concerning the celebrities has gained popularity in the recent past. This has been an important trend leading to the high proliferation of celebrity magazines that are intended at quenching the appetite of the populace with regard to the celebrity gossip. Despite the fact that these magazines have impacted the global magazine scenario, the magazines have also impacted the society in both negative and positive ways.
LITERATURE REVIEWAccording to a research done by Cicely Richards, celebrity magazines have a great effect to teen body image. Magazines, such as Star and US Weekly are commonly read by the teens and young adults. The magazines report the latest gossip on celebrities weekly and also incorporate columns like, “Who Wore it Best,” and “The Best and Worst Dressed of the Week,” including assessments of the popular women’s bodies. Such section might seem fun and harmless but they will affect the thinking of the teens who read them because they will end doing what they read.
Advertisers contribute to attributes of a perfect body as well. Ads published in magazines show models are very skinny making it hard to determine whether the model is a female or a male. Some advertisers prefer using celebrities who have plastic surgery that make them look unreal like marionettes. This affects the teens in that they start wondering whether something is wrong with their body because they don’t have such extremes in appearance.
The more celebrity magazines the more pages needed to be filled with celebrity gossip because different magazines will require stories and pictures to satisfy their readership. This will lead to each magazine developing an angle to attract the reader. The danger is that sometimes these angles might not be accurate, or even be an obvious lie that will end up misleading the society because the information is faulty.
Also, the celebrity magazines have a tendency to report on everything and something the celebrities are very good at doing showing the society that celebrities are just regular people. Some celebrities always try harder to project a positive image because they are always under scrutiny from the magazines making them be good examples to the society hence providing more role models.
Primary ResearchPrimary research refers to collection of statistics that is non existent. This was considered to be achieved through numerous forms: including the use of questionnaires, making telephone conversations, surveys, etc. As pertained to this project, the primary sources were likely be the existing celebrity magazines which are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society The major merit with conducting primary research is that it was accurate. However, the disadvantage of primary research was that it was time consuming, as it involved dealing with people from various regions, the human sources may only become resourceful out of their own willingness, and this took them quit sometimes before making up their minds to tell what they knew or give their side stories about celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society
Aims and methods
The aims of this paper is determine whether the celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society.
Introduction
This section spells out the procedures and methods that the researcher employed in achieving the objectives of the project so highlighted in the abstract of this paper. It defines the location of the study, research procedures and analysis plan that were addressed in the course of the study consideration when carrying out this particular research. The research was supposed to start with the clear understanding of the research objectives as well as the hypothesis. Success of the project was a factor of the provision of satisfying information in line with the objectives and hypothesis in the determination of transition to reception programs for late birthday children
The objective of the research just as a recap is to identify whether celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society It is important to note here that this research was mainly based on the interviews even though other research methodologies were briefly discussed.
Choice of research philosophy
Another aspect that is of great significance in this research was the research strategy. It’s the research strategy that indicated which methods a researcher adapted to answer the research objectives or questions of whether the celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society.
Survey is one of the most important research strategies that have popularity in conducting this research. The use of surveys facilitated for the collection of a large amount of data from a large population. This implies that the researcher conducted surveys and question specific groups of people to obtain large amount of information relevant to the subject of the survey. The data was collected from the people either via questionnaire or orally. The purpose of the survey was to establish and analyze views of respondents in order to find what they think about particular situation, case or statement. However, despite the fact that the views from a large number of respondents was gathered through the survey strategy, the data obtained did not all reflect to the objective of the research at depth
QuestionnairesThis research was mainly carried out by the use of a questionnaire. The questionnaire enabled the information to be gathered from many respondents who were directly involved in celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society. Use of a questionnaire as a quantitative method for collecting data from the sources was found to be the most appropriate method of collecting mass responses and as such, providing a good method of comparative analysis. The questionnaires that were used covered a number of data sources to find out opinions and views regarding the celebrity magazines are widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society. Designing good questionnaires required significant skills and experience. The researcher embarked on the study by setting up survey questionnaires that addressed issues relevant to the interviews conducted. It was important to pilot or test the questionnaire as fully as possible before distributing them to the interviewees to fill them.
Research validity and reliability
A debate about the findings of the preceding literatures on celebrity magazines is widely read in UK and whether the British people feel this is a positive or negative reflection of British society includes discussion of the ‘research’, more often than not referring to the manner in which the statistics were collected”. This research being a phenomenological, all questions are related to theoretical characteristics discussed in literature preview. The process would therefore be accurate in collecting, analyzing and sampling data; hence the validity of result would be quite high. Considering the possibility of existence of a diversity of aspects of validity, which influence the validity of research in general?
Limitations encounteredDuring the carrying out of the research the following challenges were encountered:
It was difficult to access some areas due to poor infrastructure.
I experienced a language barrier because some interviewees spoke different languages.
There also existed the tedious and long procedures to be followed in order to obtain the entrance to the premises which were coupled by writing of letters for granting of permission.
Appropriateness of triangulation to researchThe essence of applying triangulation is for the sake of indications of applicability of several methods (excess of two) in the course of the study in consideration of checking double or even triples results checking otherwise known as cross examination. The idea behind the concept is for the researcher to express a high degree of confidence in consideration of the results of diverse methods that give similar results. In case a single method was applied by the researcher, there is a higher tendency of believing that the results are valid. Application of more that one method may result in a clash of the results. The application of about three methods attempting to derive an answer may lead to a similarity of answers from two out of the three methods used. In case of an occurrence of a crash there is then a need of reframing the question (HSE, 2006).
Ethical considerationThe participants were supplied with different questionnaires based on specific areas of interests. The approval or disapproval of implementation of the program was based on its merits and demerits as determined after conducting the research. All the participants were given their respectively informed consent for the purpose of participation in the research. They were informed prior to research, the purposes, the potential benefits as well as the risks that might be associated with their participation. Ethical standards shall be considered in the process of the procedures of the research.
If the participants chose not to answer any part of the question/s, their right to not answer were acknowledged and it was ensured that the privacy of any person was not compromised upon. Two attempts were made and no further again to respect the privacy of any individual. Besides, the proposals for a general announcement of the ruling for agreeing to contribute to no other involvement incentive were offered. Whilst conducting interviews with the sources, researcher stayed cognitive of the selected interview time and made no efforts to intentionally lengthen the interview. Moreover, as an important part of the ethical considerations, all the sources of secondary data were given complete recognition for their input to this study. The composed data was characterized truthfully and the investigation was to the finest of the researcher’s knowledge and capability
Results
With the rise in attention provided by celebrity magazines the celebrities have been pushed to promote charities and other organizations that strive to benefit the humankind. This has been positive to the society because the celebrities have recognizable names giving them powerful voices make what they say and the organizations they support receive much attention that help the organizations to develop.
Data analysis and presentation
The collected data will be analyzed using the Statistical Programme for Social Scientists (SPSS)
Bibliography
Abbinnett, Ross. (2003). Culture and Identity: Critical Theories. London, UK: Sage.
Benjamin, Walter. (1999). The Arcades Project. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Close, Susan. (2007). Framing Identity: Social Practices of Photography in Canada. Oakland, CA: AK Press.
Grinin, Leonid (2009) “‘People of Celebrity’ as a New Social Stratum and Elite.” In Hierarchy and Power in the History of Civilizations: Cultural Dimensions (pp. 183–206).
Schikel, Richard. (1985). Intimate Strangers: The Culture of Celebrity New York: Doubleday.
Do all government purchases have the same effect on aggregate demand Defend your answer with economic reasoning
FISCAL POLICY
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Do all government purchases have the same effect on aggregate demand? Defend your answer with economic reasoning?
The government buys a part of the final services and goods produced by the economy. The purchase of these goods and services by the government is what is termed as government purchases. Government purchase entails those expenditures that purchase the final goods and services, which also amounts to the gross domestic product. All government purchases do not amount to the total government spending. Some of government spending specifically on transfer payments, such as welfare and social security, are not part of government purchases.
All the three levels of government are important–federal, state, and local. While a lot of attention is understandably focused on the federal level in the study of macroeconomics, federal government purchases are only about one-third of the total. Any government purchase can cause an increase in aggregate demand. Most government purchases lead to increased government contracts to those in the private industry (Arnold, 2008).
This ends up facilitating increased HYPERLINK “https://www.boundless.com/economics/definition/consumption/” consumption, employment and increased wages. Governments are able to influence the economy by using fiscal policy to determine the shift of aggregate demand. This is usually done when trying to achieve the objectives of full employment, price stability and economic growth.
Suppose a country increases government purchases by $100 billion. Suppose the multiplier is 1.5 and the economy’s real GDP is $5,000 billion.
In which direction will the aggregate demand curve shift and by how much?
The aggregate demand curve will shift to the right. This is due to the fact that Treasury will sell much more bonds than would have otherwise been sold were the purchases lower. Why is the change in real GDP likely to be smaller than the shift in the aggregate demand curve?
The effect of increased government purchases is a deficit or reduction in surplus. When government purchase decreases, the aggregate demand decreases, hence shifting to the left.
From the Case in Point ‘Crowding Out in Canada’ in Section 12.3, and answer the following:
a. What is “crowding out,” and how does it reduce private investment?
Crowding out is that which reduces how effective any expansionary fiscal policy is. All this may be the increase of transfer payments, the increase of government purchases or the reduction in income taxes. Every one of these policies results in an increase in the deficit and thus an increase in government borrowing. This spurs the increase in supply of bonds, a rise in interest rates, a rise in exchange rates, investment falls and a fall in net exports.
As an expansionary fiscal policy can either result in an increase in government spending or reduce revenues, it further increases the deficit in government budget or reduces the surplus. Fiscal policy is what affects the bond market. An analysis of monetary policy will show that changes in the bond market may directly affect net exports and investment. The ultimate result from an expansionary fiscal policy is an increase in the amount of government purchases (Dwivedi, 2010).
b. Given that only certain types of government expenditures crowded out private investment, what are the implications for fiscal policy choices?
When the private investment is crowded out, then the expansionary fiscal policy may take the form of increased investment element of government purchases. Some of government purchases, as earlier noted, are goods. These goods may be office supplies and or services. The government can however purchase investment items too. These include schools and roads. In such a case, the government investment can be said to be crowding out the private investment.
At the contractionary fiscal policy is where a reverse of crowding out can be sad to occur. This is where there is a cut in transfer payments, of government purchases or cases of tax increases. Policies of that kind increase the surplus or reduce the deficit. This reduces government borrowing while shifting the supply curve to the left. When interest rates then drop, there is a facilitation of a larger quantity of investment. These lower interest rates also cause a reduction in the demand for dollars which boosts net exports and lowers the exchange rate. This is called “crowding in.”
The effect of fiscal policy is clearly weakened by crowding in and crowding out. Economists have given arguments that these forces are powerful enough such that a varying fiscal policy gets to have no result on aggregate demand. The level of crowding out as well as crowding in still remains a controversial study area as empirical studies have been very much conclusive (Tucker, 2011).
The fact that deficits in the governments today may reduce amount of capital stock which would still be accessible to coming generations does not mean that such government deficits are wrong. If, say the deficits were utilized in the public sector investment, subsequently the private capital reduction set aside to the future is counterbalanced an increase in provision of capital in the public sector. Coming generations will have more schools in as much as the buildings will be fewer.
References
Arnold, R. A. (2008). Macroeconomics. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western.
Dwivedi, D. N. (2010). Macroeconomics: Theory and policy. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Education Pte Ltd.
Tucker, I. B. (2011). Macroeconomics for today. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Do Advertisers Shape How we View Gender
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Do Advertisers Shape How we View Gender?
In the current global world, the media has become very pervasive and influential in shaping views and perceptions. The emergence of the new media has increased accessibility of different facets of the society to the information contained in the media. The corporate world is increasingly exploring the emergent opportunities for its advantage. Since the information that is portrayed by the media is usually not screened to determine its viability for different ages, the entire population is currently being fed with complex information regarding various issues. Among the issues that are increasingly being exploited by the media pertain to the aspect of gender roles. The issue of gender roles is a sensitive aspect that has been compounded by various controversies since historical times. The perceptions that the public has on the gender roles has diverse impacts on the relationships that they establish and nurture amongst themselves. In particular, these greatly influence the aspects of sexuality, body image and self image that both the genders assume. Although most of the populations hold varied views regarding gender roles, advertisers greatly shape how we view gender.
In her research, Kilbourne contends that advertising is aimed at empowering one gender over the other (457). In most instances, men are presented as being physically dominating over their female counterparts. This allows them to exploit the sexual power and beauty that women are portrayed to posses. From a psychological point of view, the media influences the decisions that individuals currently undertake in different ways. The information that is presented in the media is considered to be true and reflective of the values and virtues that the society upholds. For this reason, individuals tend to agree with the respective information and largely base their decision making on this.
It can not be disputed that most advertisers present men as being more powerful than the women. This has greatly influenced the manner in which men behave towards women. Statistical evidence indicates that increasingly, women look applause the adverts that place immense power in the men or male figures. Further, the entire population tends to be allured to the advertisements that objectify the woman’s body or oppress the status of women in the society. Interestingly, Kilbourne cites that women appreciate and flock to the advertisements that belittle them in different ways (463). Indeed, this trend is worrying and has adverse effects on the holistic wellbeing of the women. It also implies that the women are greatly influenced by the advertisements as well as information contained in the commercials.
In a significant percentage of advertisements, Messner indicates that women are always presented as being in distress or are troubled in some way or the other (58). They are portrayed by the media as needing help. Notably, it is not only their bodies and physical power that are presented as being deficient but their holistic environments and gazes are also captured o be having some kind of deficiency. A close observation of the advertisements shows that the body of women is elastic, flexible and can shrink to take up a very small amount of space. Coupled with the fact that she is always portrayed to be close to the lens and staring in them, this presents her as an individual who is very vulnerable.
The male model in such scenarios is always present and it certainly takes over the situation. The woman at this point can no longer focus on any other thing other than the might of the man. She immediately feels contended and safe as her eyes plead with the man or help. Seemingly, such scenarios are a common incidence in the advertising industry. However, they have negative impacts on the public perceptions of gender. In other words, they play a leading role in reinforcing the negative gender stereotypes regarding the gender roles. In essence, sexualizing the women roles makes them powerless and increases their risk of being manipulated by the presumed dominant male gender.
In his research, Parkin ascertains that the implications of negative advertising are wide and varied (82). Besides perpetuating the perceptions that women are very weak, they have denied women an opportunity to pursue different opportunities that they can equally perform well. A survey of television advertisements indicated that men are seldom included in advertisements of cleaning products, home furnishings or cosmetic products. In contrast, women are seldom seen in advertisements of wide screen televisions or barbecues. Such advertisements broaden the gender gap and make it difficult for women to penetrate and benefit equally from wide ranging fields that are considered to be masculine.
In this regard, women are confined to the domestic spheres that are also considered to be requiring lesser commitment as well as energy. Witt asserts that in most advertisements, women are portrayed as maintaining ideal households and primarily taking care of their family as well as husbands (15). The housewives in the advertisements are presented as being not only happy but also contended with the habits of relinquishing their personal need and spare time for the sake of the family. In most cases, they dedicate themselves to doing the respective activities in a bid to ensure that their families feel cared for and loved.
Notably, day time commercials never focus on single families regardless of the fact that these are common in the current society. This implies that more emphasis is placed on the role of the man in the family. Further, some advertisement place great emphasis on the insecurities as well as guilt that women face or struggle with. Usually, these are aimed at assuring them that they can use the products being advertised to enable them have a perfect household. Arguably, the respective advertisements tend to be very conservative. In essence they show that the existence and entire wellbeing of a woman is solely depended on the welfare of her family. A woman in this consideration can not effectively address her own insecurities without having to rely in some way to her family. Her happiness in this regard is considered to be derived from her family’s wellbeing.
Men on the other hand are portrayed as being celebrity spokespeople, professionals or husbands. From a psychological point of view, the internalization of the respective images by women makes them to focus more on being an ideal housewife rather than exploring the opportunities that are available in the corporate sphere. The respective internalization also makes the women to align their goals and objectives to the standards and levels of a mother and ideal housewife. This is demeaning and confines the thinking of a woman to the level of her household or motherhood.
The evening commercials have also played a leading role in shaping the gender roles as well as perceptions that are held by the society. In this regard, Bordo indicates that these portray women as struggling between their family roles and career roles (52). This is unlike the men counterparts that are portrayed and heralded as parents, spouses or husbands. The relative advertisements revolve around cosmetics and household products. The domestic products usually inform them on how they can effectively manage their households without neglecting their families. This reinforces the negative thinking that women have not succeeded in playing their roles well. The cosmetic products on the other hand tend to persuade them that they can improve their beauty within a short period of time. Likewise, this makes them feel that they are not beautiful unless they apply make up. To a great extend, this increases their vulnerability to use of harsh cosmetic products in a bid to improve their beauty.
In sum, advertisement greatly influences the way we view gender and the relative roles. The emergence of the new media and its pervasive nature has increasingly exposed a significant percentage of the population to the gender views that it promotes. In a bid to enhance sales, the corporate sphere has placed great emphasis on the gender roles during advertisement. The cumulative effect has been very harmful especially and greatly perpetuated the gender disparities. The manner in which both men and women are treated is greatly influenced by the information contained in the advertisements. As it has come out from the study, the behaviors and decisions of both genders are also to a great extent shaped by the advertisements in the media.
Works Cited
Bordo Susan. Beauty re discovers the Male Body. Ways of Reading. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2005. Print.
Kilbourne Jean. Two ways a Woman can Get Hurt: Advertising and Violence. Rereading America. Boston: Bedford, 2004. 455-75. Print.
Messner Michael. Center of Attention: The Gender of Sports Media. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martins, 2004. Print.
Parkin Katherine. Food Is Love: Advertising and Gender Roles in Modern America. USA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. Print.
Witt Susan. The Influence of Television on Children’s Gender Role Socialization. Childhood Education, 76.1 (2000): 13-20. Print.