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Limitations with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Q.1 Limitations with Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy is a theory in motivation that has a five-tier structure representing human needs in a pyramid format (Kaur, 2013). The theory fails to account for cultural and individual variance because it is based on the assumption that everyone experiences needs in the same order. For example, if the collectivist cultures (such as Chinese and other Confucius cultures) are considered, social needs may be seen to be more important than physiological necessities or the idea of personal achievement is not as prevalent in said cultures. In another view, Maslow’s description of self-actualization, as well as how self-actualized persons feel and behave, is based on writing and speaking with a small group of purposely chosen individuals, rather than depending on a huge sample of randomly selected individuals. As a result, It is questionable whether or not the idea of self-actualization exists. Lastly, both the theoretical framework and Maslow’s mind map set a limit on the number of people who might be defined as self-actualized under his paradigm of achievement. He has previously said that around 2 percent of the population have the capacity to achieve self-actualization.
Q.4 Is high self-esteem good?
A high sense of self-worth or esteem is not healthy. If a person has high amounts of self-esteem, they will have a very favorable impression of themselves to the point of becoming self-centered (Brown, 2010). Such a person may exaggerate their own accomplishments, even though they are not deserving of such praise. Another important implication is that kids would expect people to compliment them on their achievements. Individuals who have a strong sense of self are more likely to be overconfident, and their talents, characteristics, and skills are more likely to be underestimated. The individual’s self-perception becomes exaggerated and unrealistic. Individuals who have an excessive amount of self-esteem sometimes feel superior or entitled and are likely to become self-absorbed so much so that they lose perspective of the needs and feelings of others. The result of high self esteem for people is that they create socialization issues because of their attitudes, relationship problems developing from being overly self-centered, and are likely to eliminate any room for learning and improving.
Q.5 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral routes to persuasion
The central route to persuasion happens when a message substance persuades. To convince a person, the central route employs information and facts. Persuasion occurs when individuals elaborate on a compelling argument, listening closely and considering the message’s logic (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984). In any form of persuasive communication, individuals are driven to pay attention to the facts and are most convinced by a solid logical argument. The peripheral route, on the other hand, leverages positive signals like beauty, popularity, and feelings. In this type of persuasion, a listener chooses to accept a message based on factors other than the argument’s strength. A listener may concur with a statement since the presenter looks knowledgeable or appealing. Other times, individuals are influenced by superficial factors such as the speaker’s appearance or celebrity status. For example, agreeing with an argument made by a celebrity TV presenter on political matters. Peripheral route to persuasion uses surface features that are external to the content (Petty & Cacioppo, 1984). This approach offers a mental shortcut, adopting or dismissing a discussion or argument on the basis of superficial criteria rather than carefully considering the topic.
Q.6 Discuss the limited resource model of self-control
According to the limited resource model of self-control, self-control regulation is a scarce commodity. This is explained by the notion that if a person exercises higher levels of personal regulation, such as rejecting second helpings of dessert, he or she may lack the self-control necessary later to resist the desire to drink, purchase, or watch excessive television. Diets are broken, impulse purchases are made, deadlines are missed, dangerous sex is engaged in, and husbands, children, and friends are yelled at. It’s critical to investigate why individuals struggle to regulate their intake, emotions, and impulses. The model elaborates why people frequently underperform at what they are able of performing very well: switching from one reaction to another to accomplish a desired result (Muraven & Baumeister, 2000). According to the limited resource model of self-regulation, self-regulation works by depleting a finite energy supply, resulting in a condition known as ego depletion, wherein choice is constrained due to a lack of energy and other related factors such as consequences.
References
Brown, J. D. (2010). High self-esteem buffers negative feedback: Once more with feeling. Cognition and Emotion, 24(8), 1389-1404.
Kaur, A. (2013). Maslow’s need hierarchy theory: Applications and criticisms. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies, 3(10), 1061-1064.
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle?. Psychological bulletin, 126(2), 247.
Petty, R. E., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1984). The effects of involvement on responses to argument quantity and quality: Central and peripheral routes to persuasion. Journal of personality and social psychology, 46(1), 69.
Use this document to complete the assignment
Purpose: To explore theory-based research in health education/promotion literature to identify behavioral antecedents.
Instructions:
Use this document to complete the assignment. All information for this assignment should be included in this document; that is, do not create your own document. Respond to item 6 by typing directly into this document below item 6. Type directly into the literature review matrix that is provided on the last page to complete the literature review.
Define a health behavior. Select and clearly define a health behavior to investigate.
A health behavior is any action taken by an individual to prevent diseases and ensure a healthy body, women breastfeeding duration will be the human behavior that will review.
Search for evidence. Use the Texas State University search engines to locate health education/promotion research in which this behavior has been investigated using theory to identify antecedents to the behavior. Use only articles published in the past 10 years. To complete your search, use the following databases: CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO, and SRORTDiscus.
Create a search flow chart. Review the article list and discard redundant articles. Now, read the title and abstract of the articles from your search and discard any that don’t help you identify antecedents to the health behavior. Create a flow chart (as show below) and present the number of articles identified, excluded, and included. You should have one flow chart for each theory we’ve discussed in class through Diffusion of Innovation Theory. You may use the example below and replace the text in the example with your own. Create a flow chart for each search you perform.
Appraise the evidence. Use the literature matrix (provided below) to identify significant parts of the article, including: author(s), title, theory measured variables/constructs, and findings/conclusions. Each article meeting your search criteria should be included in the literature matrix. Your final product should contain at least 10 articles (you will likely have more). Use APA citation style.
Offer an analysis of evidence. Based on your findings, select 3 or 4 constructs and offer and explanation of the relationships between the antecedents and the health behavior (this may include more than one theory). Be sure to discuss the relationships between antecedents and health behavior based on the theoretical frameworks of the theories and constructs used in the studies (Hint: refer to construct definitions). Finally, offer a synopsis of how understanding these antecedents to the behavior can help public health professionals.
Based on the previous research undertaken on the duration of breastfeeding by women, it is evident that the social cognitive, planned behavior and reasonable action theories seem to hold that self-efficacy, maternal intention and psychosocial characteristics play a big role in the child’s weaning. Women with stable minds not prone to depression and young mothers tend to breastfeed more than the rest because of the belief that the bond of both the mother and the child becomes stronger. To ensure all mothers breastfeed the children for longer duration because it is important for the child’s health the personnel can use this variables to ascertain which mothers are prone to failing to breastfeed and the help they need
Flow Chart
9525-77470Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Reasoned Action
7 articles found
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Reasoned Action
7 articles found
485775063505 excluded based on the title
05 excluded based on the title
2590800177800
5715002914652 are used
002 are used
260032511049000
-16192613970Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Diffusion of Innovation theory
0 article found
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Diffusion of Innovation theory
0 article found
4229100106681002085975268605
2085340268605
12382515367000
285750-10796Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Social Influence Theory
20 articles found
0Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Social Influence Theory
20 articles found
471487518732517 are excluded based on the title
0017 are excluded based on the title
3305175205740
33147002057400
685800431803 are included
3 are included
↓↓47307517030700 article included*
0 article included*
312420011842751 article excluded based on title
1 article excluded based on title
13309601249680133667516078200-324485Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008 to March 2018)
Search Terms: Breastfeeding duration and Information Motivation Behavior
1 articles identified
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008 to March 2018)
Search Terms: Breastfeeding duration and Information Motivation Behavior
1 articles identified
↓
9525-182245Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding and Planned Behavior Theory
43 articles were found
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding and Planned Behavior Theory
43 articles were found
382905063504 are excluded because they are duplicates and 36 based on the title
004 are excluded because they are duplicates and 36 based on the title
228600044450
22860001200160
866775914403 are included
003 are included
361950232410Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Health Belief Model
15 articles found
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Health Belief Model
15 articles found
2171700191770
39528759652013 are excluded based on the title
0013 are excluded based on the title
2171700387350
590550673102 are included
002 are included
342900-96520Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Social Cognitive Theory
14 articles were found
0Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2008to March 2018)
Search terms: Breastfeeding duration and Social Cognitive Theory
14 articles were found
2416810307340
40957501295409 are excluded because of the tittle and 2 are duplicates
009 are excluded because of the tittle and 2 are duplicates
5429254533903 are included
003 are included
24193502978160
Literature Review Matrix
Reference Theory/Measured Variables Findings
Wallenborn, J., Masho, S., & Ratliff, S. (2017). Paternal Pregnancy Intention and Breastfeeding Duration: Findings from the National Survey of Family Growth. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 21(3), 554-561. doi:10.1007/s10995-016-2139-1 All variable measured from the Theory of Planned Behavior: paternal pregnancy intention. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was paternal pregnancy intention.
Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should develop breastfeeding interventions targeting fathers and young families.
Mathews, M. E., Leerkes, E. M., Lovelady, C. A., & Labban, J. D. (2014). Psychosocial predictors of primiparous breastfeeding initiation and duration. Journal of Human Lactation, 30(4), 480-487. All variables measured from the health belief model were maternal psychosocial characteristics and temperamentally based negative infant effect The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was psychosocial characteristics.
Conclusion: Maternal psychosocial characteristics will help to identify women who are not breastfeeding.
Pettis, C. T. (2011). A theoretical examination and study of breastfeeding intensity and duration. Dissertation Abstracts International, 71, 6491.All variables measured from the health belief model were most variance in breastfeeding behavior, perceived behavioral control, Positive affective associations with breastfeeding and the behavioral motivation measure. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was most variance in breastfeeding behavior, perceived behavioral control.
Conclusion: Maternal perceived behavioral control of breastfeeding and affective associations with breastfeeding strongly influence breastfeeding behavior.
Lau, C. K., Lok, K. W., & Tarrant, M. (2018). Breastfeeding Duration and the Theory of Planned Behavior and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Framework: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 22(3), 327-342. doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x All variables measured from the reasonable action theory were maternal psychosocial factors and breastfeeding initiation. The strongest antecedents to duration of breastfeeding were maternal intention and breastfeeding self-efficacy.
Conclusion: Maternal motivation to continue breastfeeding is affected by the needs for self-determination, relatedness and competence.
Nam Mi, K., Yoon Ji, C., Taisun, H., & Jung Eun, L. (2015). Associations of Breastfeeding Knowledge, Attitude and Interest with Breastfeeding Duration: A Cross-sectional Web-based Study. Journal Of Korean Academy Of Nursing, 45(3), 449-458. doi:10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.449 All variables measured from the reasonable action theory were knowledge, attitudes, and interest toward breastfeeding. The strongest antecedents to duration of breastfeeding were knowledge and interest toward breastfeeding.
Conclusion: it is important to improve maternal knowledge, attitudes, and interest toward breastfeeding
Brown, A. (2014). Maternal trait personality and breastfeeding duration: the importance of confidence and social support. Journal Of Advanced Nursing, 70(3), 587-598. doi:10.1111/jan.12219 All variables measured from the social influence theory were maternal personality and maternal attitudes and experiences of breastfeeding. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was maternal personality.
Conclusion: Understanding the influence of maternal personality may be used to support women who may need extra and directed support.
Bonet, M., Marchand, L., Kaminski, M., Fohran, A., Betoko, A., Charles, M., & Blondel, B. (2013). Breastfeeding Duration, Social and Occupational Characteristics of Mothers in the French ‘EDEN Mother-Child’ Cohort. Maternal & Child Health Journal, 17(4), 714-722. doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1053-4 All variables measured from the social influence theory were Socio-demographic characteristics and employment. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was occupational characteristics of mothers.
Conclusion: In a society where breastfeeding is not the norm, women may have difficulties combining work and breastfeeding.
Scharfe, E. (2012). Maternal Attachment Representations and Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding. Journal Of Human Lactation, 28(2), 218-225. doi:10.1177/0890334411429111 All variables measured from the social influence theory were attachment representations and one’s ability to cope with stressful situations. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was attachment representations.
Conclusion: It is important to look beyond demographics to understand breastfeeding initiation and duration.
Pollard, D., & Guill, M. (2009). The relationship between baseline self-efficacy and breastfeeding duration. Southern Online Journal Of Nursing Research, 9(4), 8p.All variables measured from the social cognitive were socio-demographic variables and maternal self-efficacy. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was Self-Efficacy.
Conclusion: Self-Efficacy Scale can be used as a baseline assessment tool in the hospital at delivery to assist in identifying women who are at risk for early weaning
Shepherd, L., Walbey, C., & Lovell, B. (2017). The Role of Social-Cognitive and Emotional Factors on Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration. Journal Of Human Lactation, 33(3), 606-613. doi:10.1177/0890334417708187 All variables measured from the social cognitive were social-cognitive variables, fear, regret, and self-conscious emotions. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding were self-efficacy, pride, and regret but negatively predicted by the fear toward inadequate nutrition.
Conclusion: It is important to consider the role of self-conscious emotions and regret on exclusive breastfeeding.
Martinez-Brockman, J. L., Shebl, F. M., Harari, N., & Pérez-Escamilla, R. (2017). An assessment of the social cognitive predictors of exclusive breastfeeding behavior using the Health Action Process Approach. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 182106-116. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.014 All variables measured from the social cognitive were social cognitive, interpersonal, and structural factors. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding was self-efficacy.
Conclusion: Planning and recovery self-efficacy mediated the association between maintenance self-efficacy and exclusive breastfeeding.
Wilhelm, S., Rodehorst, T., Stepans, M., Hertzog, M., & Berens, C. (2008). Influence of intention and self-efficacy levels on duration of breastfeeding for midwest rural mothers. Applied Nursing Research, 21(3), 123-130.All variables measured from the planned behavior were intention and self-efficacy. The strongest antecedents to duration of breastfeeding were strong intention and high self-efficacy.
Conclusion: The combined influence of higher intention and self-efficacy increased the likelihood of breastfeeding.
Lau, C. K., Lok, K. W., & Tarrant, M. (2018). Breastfeeding duration and the theory of planned behavior and breastfeeding self-efficacy framework: A systematic review of observational studies. Maternal And Child Health Journal, doi:10.1007/s10995-018-2453-x All variables measured from the planned behavior were maternal psychosocial factors and breastfeeding initiation. The strongest antecedent to duration of breastfeeding were Maternal intention and breastfeeding self-efficacy were found to be important predictors of breastfeeding duration
Conclusion: Maternal motivation to continue breastfeeding is affected by the needs for self-determination, relatedness and competence.
***If you need another line in the table, place your cursor in the bottom-right cell (the last cell) and push the tab key.
To explore theory-based research in health educationpromotion literature to identify behavioral antecedents
Purpose: To explore theory-based research in health education/promotion literature to identify behavioral antecedents.
Instructions:
Use this document to complete the assignment. All information for this assignment should be included in this document; that is, do not create your own document. Respond to item 6 by typing directly into this document below item 6. Type directly into the literature review matrix that is provided on the last page to complete the literature review.
Define a health behavior. Select and clearly define a health behavior to investigate.
Search for evidence. Use the Texas State University search engines to locate health education/promotion research in which this behavior has been investigated using theory to identify antecedents to the behavior. Use only articles published in the past 10 years. To complete your search, use the following databases: CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO, and SRORTDiscus.
Create a search flow chart. Review the article list and discard redundant articles. Now, read the title and abstract of the articles from your search and discard any that don’t help you identify antecedents to the health behavior. Create a flow chart (as show below) and present the number of articles identified, excluded, and included. You should have one flow chart for each theory we’ve discussed in class through Diffusion of Innovation Theory. You may use the example below and replace the text in the example with your own. Create a flow chart for each search you perform.
Appraise the evidence. Use the literature matrix (provided below) to identify significant parts of the article, including: author(s), title, theory measured variables/constructs, and findings/conclusions. Each article meeting your search criteria should be included in the literature matrix. Your final product should contain at least 10 articles (you will likely have more). Use APA citation style.
Offer an analysis of evidence. Based on your findings, select 3 or 4 constructs and offer and explanation of the relationships between the antecedents and the health behavior (this may include more than one theory). Be sure to discuss the relationships between antecedents and health behavior based on the theoretical frameworks of the theories and constructs used in the studies (Hint: refer to construct definitions). Finally, offer a synopsis of how understanding these antecedents to the behavior can help public health professionals.
Flow Charts
473075170307015 articles included*
15 articles included*
3124200118427540 articles excluded based on title or abstract
40 articles excluded based on title or abstract
13309601249680133667516078200-324485Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2006 to October 2016)
Search Terms: Physical activity and diffusion of innovation theory.
55 articles identified
00Searched: PubMed, CINAHL Complete, ERIC, Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition, MEDLINE Complete, PsycARTICLES, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, PsycINFO and SportsDiscus (January 2006 to October 2016)
Search Terms: Physical activity and diffusion of innovation theory.
55 articles identified
Literature Review Matrix
Reference Theory/Measured Variables Findings
Housman, J., Dorman, S, Pruitt, B, Misra, R., & Perko, M. (2011). Consumption of sport-related dietary supplements among NCAA Division 1 female student athletes. American Journal of Health Behavior, 35(4), 438-446. All variable measured from the Theory of Planned Behavior: Behavior, Intention, Attitude, Subjective Norm, and Perceived Behavioral Control. The strongest antecedent to intention and behavior was subjective norm. Attitude was predictive of intention, but perceived behavioral control was not.
Conclusion: Supplement use by female athletes in this study was mostly influenced by subjective normative beliefs.
***If you need another line in the table, place your cursor in the bottom-right cell (the last cell) and push the tab key.