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introduction_to_psychology_homework
Psychology
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Introduction to Psychology homework
Introduction
Psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mind, which involves both conscious and unconscious experience and thought. It seeks to understand individuals and groups by establishing general principles and researching specific cases. Psychologists explore different concepts such as attention, perception, emotion, motivation, intelligence among many others so as to understand the human mind, (Lepper & Greene, 2015). Psychology is very important since it helps in understanding, explaining and predicting human behavior, emotions and mental process for better human relationships. Below are the concepts and principles of psychology and their application in a real life experiment.
Basic Concepts of Psychology
The basic concepts in psychology include behavior, personality, motivation and intelligence. Motivation is about values and rewards and its theories tend to assume that every learned human response is as a result of motivation. Personality refers to an individual’s unique behavior and cognitive patterns. It assesses why humans engage in different actions in particular ways. Psychologists have developed different theories to explain how and why different personality traits rise. Human behavior is one of the most complex concepts of psychology. Psychologists in the study of human behavior ask many questions around mental, physical and social processes that contribute to the different behaviors. Finally, intelligence is also a widely used concept of psychology where it encompasses a range of aptitudes, skills and talents.
Basic Principles of Psychology
The most basic principles of psychology include will, emotion, habit, and stream of consciousness. The principle of human habit is formed to achieve particular results as a result of an individual’s strong feelings of desiring something. Habits are capable of causing bad or good actions, where once a behavior has been established it is very difficult to change. The principle of will explains whether free will exists or not. Effort of attention is the most important phenomenon of will. Emotion refers to the expression of bodily experiences associated with expressions. Stimulus causes a physical response and emotion follows the response. Stream of consciousness refers to a person’s thoughts and conscious reactions to events, perceived as a continuous flow. Humans are believed not to experience the same thought or idea more than once.
Ethical Issues in Psychology
Ethical issues in psychology are very essential since psychologists often work with vulnerable individuals in sensitive situations. The ethical issues include: competence, informed consent, confidentiality and better relationships with vulnerable individuals. Confidentiality is very important where private information about an individual should not be revealed to other parties. However, it has its own limits in extreme cases such as illegal behaviors. Competence is the next ethical practice where psychological experts are should undergo training and have the necessary experience for high competence. Informed consent as an ethical issue requires that psychologists offer the customers a variety of services, where they have the right to reject them. The experts should also reveal the type of services they offer and their benefits. Psychologists should also act in the best interest when they interact professionally with less powerful clients, because of age, legal status, emotional insecurities among other attributes. Psychological practitioners and consumers need to be aware of the role of ethical practices, so they can effectively apply them.
Robber’s Cave Experiment
The experiment was conducted by Muzafer Sherif in order to give a psychological understanding of groups and its members. The theory was known as Realistic Conflict Theory, and accounts for group conflict, negative prejudices and stereotypes as a result of competition between groups for desired resources. The study showed that conflict exists between different groups inform of competition, (Reicher & Haslam, 2014). It showed that when people compete for scarce resources, for example jobs, there is a rise in hostility between groups.
Nature versus nurture influences refers to the importance of a person’s qualities and character compared to the person’s experiences in causing individual differences, especially in personality and behavior, (Coll, Bearer & Lerner, 2014). In the study this concept is applied where all the boys gets placed in the same environment than they were earlier used to. Due to this reason they bonded with one another instead of using their hereditary nature. The experiment clearly illustrates changes that face different individual in different environments.
Social observational learning is learning that occurs through observation of others behavior. It is demonstrated in this experiment where each group behaves like their own group towards the rival group. It indicates that once an individual starts behaving in a particular way, the others observe and start doing the same thing. In the study, the rivalry started verbally and later became more intense to a violence one after every one observed that they were supposed to act that way in such an environment.
I think the experiment was ethical according to APA guidelines. This is because the guidelines urges that researchers should obtain human characters, protect them from harm and discomfort, ensure confidentiality of their information and give an explanation afterwards. All the above guidelines are seen to be well displayed in Robber’s Cave Experiment, thus the experiment was ethical.
References
Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2014). Camps, conflict and collectivism.Psychologist, 27(11), 826-828.
Lepper, M. R., & Greene, D. (Eds.). (2015). The hidden costs of reward: New perspectives on the psychology of human motivation. Psychology Press.
Coll, C. G., Bearer, E. L., & Lerner, R. M. (Eds.). (2014). Nature and nurture: The complex interplay of genetic and environmental influences on human behavior and development. Psychology Press.
Differences btwn our gap and our parents
The Differences between Children and Parents Age Groups
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The Differences between Children and Parents Age Groups
The generational difference relates to the gap between one generation and the other (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007). These gaps are brought about as a result of varying attitudes, tastes and preferences, goals in life and their level of priorities. Due to a change of environment, the lifestyles between parents and their children have greatly changed as well (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007). Parents have a different perspective about the future whereas the children have a totally different perspective about life as well. The generational gap between my generation and that of my parents is so immense unlike that of the previous generations. Globalization and the emergence of advanced technology has greatly affected the relationship between children and parents (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007).
The generational gap during the olden days was not complicated. It was normal to see two or three generations sharing the same lifestyle and same environments as well. The rate of development at that time was slow (Prasad, 1992). In recent times, the generational gap is more complex with the previous generations considered as old-fashioned. Quite a number of parents in the modern generation are perplexed by the evolving technologies their children are using. For some, such modern equipments are complicated and difficult to use as well (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007).
Today’s generation, also known as the generation Y, does not condone any form of interference especially if their private life is under scrutiny. The current generation doesn’t like when parents order them around. In case parents interfere by correcting them and advocating for the appropriate thing to do, the children tend to become rebellious towards their parents (Prasad, 1992). This rebellion is brought about by lack of proper dialogue between parents and children (Prasad, 1992). Most parents fall under the category working citizens. They leave the house early in the morning and come back late at night. This means both the parents and children create their own form of generational gap and thus most people prioritize their careers more than their families and gender gaps. An example occurs when a parent refuses to share their perspective about teenage life to their children because of either work related issues; the children build a wall towards their parents. Such differences in most cases put the children and parents in difficult situations especially when trying to come into terms about revolving issues.
Social lifestyles have changed as well especially with respect to the generations’ preceding our parents (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007). In the previous society, certain things were considered forbidden in the past for example wearing of fancy clothes and male piercing. This has drastically changed in the modern society. Due to parental negligence, most children have changed focus from growing up into societal role models but instead, they turned out quite the opposite. Most parents tend to compare their children to how they were brought up during their period (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007). This creates a generational gap because children grow more defiant and detach themselves from their parents. One way of overcoming such rebellion is through parental understanding of how children grow up. Understanding the modern child’s lifestyle aids in evaluating the children into making right decisions. This also enables the parents and children relate mutually without one party feeling out of place (Gravett & Throckmorton, 2007).
Summarily, when parents and children differ over certain issues, there emerges a state of displeasure. This tends to make parents and children avoid each other and in the process, becoming rebellious. One way parents may overcome such issues is by trying to understand their children and evaluate their parental roles with respect to modern issues. By doing so, parents and children would come to a mutual understanding, which would build a good relationship in the future.
Reference
Gravett, L. & Throckmorton, R. (2007). Bridging the Generation Gap: How to Get Radio Babies, Boomers, Gen Xers, And Gen Yers to Work Together And Achieve More. New Jersey: Career Press Publishers.
Prasad, R. (1992). Generation Gap, a Sociological Study of Inter-generational Conflicts. New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
Things Learnt from the Psychology
Psychology of Color
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Things Learnt from the Psychology of Color Video
Not unless you are an established company, when designing a business or a company’s logo, always observe the rule of thumb, which dictates that you cannot use more than two colors. Many colors appear juvenile.
Yellow is an optimistic color, promotes clarity and is attractive. It is a predominant color used when a brand is trying to get attention. It pulls sales and brings brightness and fun.
Orange is a youthful color that exemplifies cheerfulness, confidence. It is for people who want to speak to excitement, cheerfulness, and confidence.
Red is a bold color. It appears to be closer when compared to other colors. It is bold, and it stands out, leaving a statement.
Purple is for the creatives. People that are imaginative and want to bring their creativity to a space.
Blue says business. It is a color that represents trust. It says longevity and dependability.
Green says growth and health. It has to do with prosperity, peace, growth.
Dark colors such as white, black, and gray are neutral and calm. They exemplify longevity in that they will be around for a long time.
If a person wants to give the impression of a strong, firm, and long standing company, with huge results, one should go for logos with white, gray, and blacks.
If one wants to communicate fun and sound appealing to the young crowd, one should stick to bold colors such as orange and yellow because it tells the audience they will have a blast.