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Literature and oppression on women
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Literature and oppression on women
The situation of a woman in a traditional society is subject for perpetual debate. Women share a long history of tribulation that has been associable to societal prescriptions that hold certain genders as inferior. Different art works, such as literature, has engaged in discussions and tackled the themes that involve oppression of women. It is notable that the society has systems that encourage the suppression of women.
Literature subtly notes that a man is the determinant of women’s fate in a society. In Rape: A Love Story, there is an immediate horrendous scenario. The city of Niagara Falls bespeaks worry as a woman and her daughter receive a brutal and physical attack from individuals who are supposed to protect them. The book has a title that speculates on the fate of the women. It is an open title that entails no allusion to the onset oppression of women. El Saadawi’s novel, Woman at Point Zero, Firdaus already projects her fate as regards the happenings in her surroundings. This is because, from the onset, she witnesses her father brutalizing her mother. There is an allusion to the scenario of characters from the title of the book. Point Zero refers to a place that subjects its occupants to a sense of constancy. These titles point to a life that offers no hope for either girl or a woman. In spite of the idea that childhood might be an idyllic phase, growing up unearths the grim nature of a community.
The idea of power is a subject that relies on the subjugation of women. This suggests that men harness power by quickly oppressing the most vulnerable group, women. In the beginning, Firdaus learn that her father possesses considerable power over her mother. After the death of her parents, her uncle repossesses this power and extends the element over Firdaus. The two men that Firdaus commits to, manifest a destructive power that they employ to limit the freedoms of the woman. This sequence of power halts when Firdaus meets Sharifa. Sharifa is an independent woman who has navigated the ladder of prosperity by manipulating men. In this regard, Sharifa employs her beauty to wield power over men that she extorts considerable money from. However, Firdaus learns that she is betraying her own sense of dignity by using her body for money. Firdaus realizes that, as a woman, power cannot be absolute as she compromises on her most vital property to gain wealth.
Literature manifests that men merely use women as sources of their pleasure. This suggests that if women wear off the sexual pleasure, the men possess no further interest in them. A woman’s value props on the beauty that the world sees in her. This is an ancient practice that features Euripides’ play, Medea. This story begins when Jason decides to abandon Medea to marry Glauce. This is an immature decision that Janus makes without properly evaluating the emotions of his wife. Interestingly, Jason blames the wife for a melodrama of declaring her grievances to the public. Jason inconsiderate nature further manifests in his regard for the remarrying as a universal family interest. Besides, he employs his exploitative character to extend material offers to Medea. Such experiences build up rage in affected women. This is a danger to a passive society that does not properly consider the situation of women. This is because women’s feelings explode to destroy members of the community who are innocent. The tragedy of the play entails Medea’s rage that makes her poison Glauce and kill all her children. It is evident that women can embody a mixture of passion and rage that the society influences. Medea is an initially loving woman who expresses warmth and exceptional love for all her children and husband. When Jason disappoints her, however, she exacts her revenge on the very individuals that she had unconditionally loved.
There is a considerable sense in which the society suppresses the women’s freedom for expression. Individuals subject women to quietude about their own unique problems. In Oates story, A Love Story, it is notable how Teen’s happiness ends after a party. When Teen decides to reach her home through a long way, a gang of inebriated youths trail her. This gang turns out to be brutal individuals who rape her in front of her own daughter. This story breaks out into the surrounding community but it attracts trivial attention. Close individuals discuss Teena as having called for her own fate. She becomes a victim of gossip in a community that ought to help her. Furthermore, the justice system seems to laugh off her problem as an occurrence that cannot be mitigated. This casts a peek into the rottenness of a justice system that cannot defend beasts from the women. Teen eventually suffers the fate of guilt as she realizes that her assertiveness is source of fun for the passive community.
Literature expresses the fate of women as disguised by the affection of men. This is a deeper aspect that deals with the actual sense in which men perceive women. Sylvia Plath’s poem, Lady Lazarus, expresses cynicism of women’s progressive movements and men’s pretentious expressions of change. This is because there underlies a demeaning view of women. This reflects in women as a dark internal carriage that wishes for its own extinction. Since birth, the character shares a perpetual wish for death. This is a manifestation of a type of life that is similar to the feeling of death since individuals do not show the real value of an individual. The core character has a deep stretching resentment for individuals who seem to express affection towards her. In the poem, there is a regular mention of same place to depict a monotonous living. Monotonous living, in this case, is existence that does not entail change as the women, somehow, remain in their fate of subjugation.
It is discernible that the society has systems that encourage the suppression of women. Literature is an instrumental tool that exposes the underlying events in the oppression of women. In the stories and poems, men determine the fate of their women. The works’ titles bespeak an eventual destiny for women. The Lazarus Woman, for instance, is a title that expresses the fate of the ever-suffering woman. Besides, through prostitution, in Woman Point Zero, it is notable that men wield power by placing women at places for vulnerability. Jason’s activities manifest an inherent male character of manipulating women for pleasure and fleeting to the next beautiful women. Suppression occurs in Teena’s fate as she attracts unconstructive and passive attention. Lastly, it is notable that men embody a consistent character of hiding their manipulation within affections.
United Nations as a Failure
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United Nations as a Failure
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that was founded after the Second World War in 1945 to replace another international organization which was known as the League of Nations. Its main purpose is the restoration and the maintenance of world peace, to provide a permanent solution and prevent the world from self-destructing. It was also meant to provide an avenue for dialoguing between countries. The United Nations had an agenda and several purposes which are clearly outlined as facilitating the cooperation of the world nations in enforcing economic development and social progress. It also emphasized on the keeping of universal law and security and also supports human and civil rights, democracy and political freedoms. Upon its founding, the United Nations had 51 states that had membership but the numbers have increased to 193 nations.
The United Nations is mainly composed of 6 major organs that help in the running of the activities of the organization. The fundamental organ of the judiciary known as the International Court of Justice, the main source of information and studies to do with the UN known as the Secretariat. The Economic and Social council is charged with the mandate of encouraging the cooperation of nations economically and socially and ensuring the progress in the same. The Security Council which is amongst the most popular organs known for its duty of keeping peace and resolving conflicts in nations and also amongst nations, the General Assembly and the United Nations Trusteeship Council which currently is inoperative (Wesley 34).
So much trust and hope is breathed into the global community by the presence of the United Nations since it is believed to also play a preservative role in that it prevents the arising of global unrest which would be catastrophic and lead to global annihilation. The international body however has not met all its expectations fully and is a failure to a great degree as can be seen from the activities and injustices that have occurred in different nations in the recent past.
One of the greatest failures of the UN is the fact that the five so called permanent members have assumed veto powers that sometimes hinder the effectiveness of the UN’s operations. The Unites States, United Kingdom, China, Russia and France have power that is unchecked bearing in mind that the nations have nuclear powers. The bureaucracies that have littered the organization make the decision making process lengthy even in cases where urgent response is expected to be given. The 5 permanent nations have been severally accused of taking actions based on their interests politically and strategic actions that are selfish. This is vivid in cases where the UN has been more willing to protect nations in which the permanent members have interest. For example, in 1991, the UN was swift to protect Kuwait a nation that has a rich oil reserve whereas merely 3 years later in 1994, the citizens of Rwanda were poorly protected since there were no interests to protect in the nation of Rwanda (Danson 56). The ‘elite’ members of the council which are the permanent members have been accused of holding private meetings to deliberate and make decisions on issues presented to the united nations and then coming up to give conclusive agreements to the other members for them to rubber stamp their decisions. To deal with the case of permanent members having exclusive right s to make decisions can be resolved by having temporary members in the join the council. But this has been rejected and it was suggested that a more permanent solution would be the inclusion of non-nuclear nation in the permanent membership of the council. However, when Paul martin was in office as the president, Canada advocated the scrapping off of the idea of permanent membership. The first and second Charter mandates of the United Nations are “To maintain international peace and security” and “if necessary to enforce the peace by taking preventive or enforcement action”. The present administrative structure in the United Nations makes it hard to perform these two roles since for an action to be taken; the permanent members have to consent unanimously. This is a failure for the United Nations.
The United Nations has been labeled as merely a debate forum where nations send people to represent them and either argues for or against their plans with little results in the end. Moreover, the nations that are governed by dictators who are against the interference of the UN with their activities use the forums to detract the plans of the UN and also mystify their own agenda. For example, as Saddam Hussein the late dictator of Iraq advanced his own agenda and played games with the United Nations the people of Iraq suffered under economic trade sanctions supported by the UN upon the nation of Iraq. The United Nations cannot operate independent of the members since it largely depends on the contributions of the members especially financially. It is highly unlikely that nations will make contributions towards the activities of the UN and they allow them to function independently without the approval of the member states. This makes the UN passive and highly dependent on the members. For instance, due to this passivity, nations such as North Korea have tested nuclear weapons and are not giving up their nuclear plans whereas the UN are only considering sanctions against them. The ineffectiveness of the United Nations is further observed in the fact that it does not formally identify any nation as a terrorist nation. Considering the fact that it highly incredible that terrorist groups will appear before the united nations to discuss the way forward, the international peace keeping organization is operating blindly as to the motives of the terrorist groups and the best is to hope that they will get intelligence information on terrorist activities. The 9/11 incident is a good example to show the ineffectiveness of the UN in seriously addressing the issue of terrorism.
There have also been a number of appalling failures by the UN as far as keeping peace is concerned that have led to the loss of many lives. For example the hijacking of an Israeli flight by Palestinian terrorists saw no further action by the UN except a simple condemnation. After the 9/11 incident in the US, the UN outlawed Taliban and Al Qaeda but left out Hamas, Hezbollah and Mossad which are terrorist programs funded by governments. It is also interesting to note that no action is taken against nations such as Iran known to support terrorist groups. Along the same breath, there has been the increase of nations developing nuclear weapons including Pakistan, North Korea, Israel and India despite there being a non-proliferation treaty signed by 190 states in 1970. In Sri-Lanka there civil war than spun the period of 1983 to 2009 left many people dead and scores of casualties and although the UN was aware of the situation it took no action with 6500 civilians being killed between January and April 2009 in the so-called safe zone. The once trusted peace keeping forces in Bosnia, Cambodia, Mozambique and Haiti turned to be wolves in sheep skin as a report from these regions revealed that the claims of rise in child prostitution was just a cover-up story of the sexual abuse on children in the regions by the soldiers. The soldiers would reward the children so that they would say they were prostitutes rather than they were raped. Even with this the UN failed to judge these soldiers who were ‘peace keepers’ fearing that they would discourage the participation of member states in peace keeping missions. One of the greatest failures that hit headlines the world over is the failure of the UN to protect the Rwandese in a time when they were completely helpless and instead ordering their troops out of the nation. The peacekeepers that entered Rwanda in 1994 to secure the capital so that they can help humanitarian aid were not allowed to use military force to achieve this. A cable sent to the UN by the commander of the Canadian force concerning the threat of a genocide was ignored since the US were not willing to help in the intervention since they had lost 18 American soldiers in the Battle of Mogadishu in Somalia. This lead to the massacre of more than 800,000 Tutsi (Howard 98).
The United States was reluctant to release military forces to help in the Rwanda case to avert a genocide was mainly influenced by the happenings in Mogadishu Somalia barely a year before. In October 3rd 1993, there was a mission to Mogadishu where 100 Special Force soldiers were sent to capture Mohammed Farrad Aidid’s lieutenants so as to threaten Aidid, a warlord who was frustrating the UN’s attempts to offer humanitarian aid to the nation. The one hour mission instead took a whole day and night and it took the help of rescue soldiers from outside Somalia. This led to the loss of 18 American soldier’s lives and four MH-60 Black Hawks were lost with over seventy soldiers injured (Bowden 26). This is yet another show of UN’s failure since the cause of the whole disaster was a result of poor communication and misinformation. The soldiers were oblivious of the state of Mogadishu since they were poorly informed this being a failure of the United Nations.
However, despite the failures the United Nations has done more good than harm since it would actually be impossible to try and visualize what would have happened over time from the past had the United Nations not been present. Being and international organization it is charged with and enormous mandate to ensure that the globe does not boil over and a nuclear war erupts which would lead to total annihilation of the human race. The various organs help nations that are struck by disaster such as terrorist attacks or vagaries of nature. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) has helped provide health services in countries affected by floods and disease outbreaks together with the World Food Program which has seen food aid availed in famine stricken lands. Organs such as the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) have seen countless children receive aid from all over the world especially third world countries. The United Nations has therefore been of great help to many nations despite its failures.
Works Cited
Bowden, Mark. Black Hawk Down. London: Corgi, 2000. Print.
Danson, Bake. Dangers of Co-Deployment: Un Co-Operative Peacekeeping in Africa. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005. Print.
Howard, Lise M. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. Print.
Wesley, Michael. Casualties of the New World Order: Causes of Failure of UN Missions. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997. Print.
The Changing Face of HIV
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The Changing Face of HIV
Adults, adolescents, and pregnant women are all at risk of contracting the HIV. Health professionals should ensure they give recommendations to those who require HIV testing for early detection, counseling, and treatment. Objective is to increase HIV screening in healthcare settings. Professional nurses should recommend that individuals undergo at least one screening annually to reduce transmission, foster early counseling, and control the spread of HIV. It is important to screen pregnant women reduce the risks of mother to child transmission.
Persons infected by the HIV virus are those exposed to the virus. HIV susceptibility is a concept that describes the likelihood of an individual being infected. Highly susceptible persons are those exposed to the virus. Additionally, those with sexually transmitted infections and diseases are more susceptible to infection than those without. Herpes virus-2 (HPV-2) is the most common infection related to HIV. People who seek treatment to control its symptoms are less likely to contract HIV. Furthermore, treatment or prevention of these infections reduces a person’s risk of contracting HIV.
Nurses should encourage patients to adhere to their prescriptions and other medication by making them understand that missing doses can increase the risk of transmitting the virus to other people. Antiretroviral treatment (ART) prolongs the lives of persons with HIV. To maximize individual and public health benefits, high level of adherence to antiretroviral treatment is necessary. Nurses should counsel all HIV-infected persons on the benefits and risks of ART. Additionally, they should advice patients that inadequate taking of medication may lead to them developing resistance to medication. Nurses should also encourage HIV patients to continue with other prevention measures, commit themselves to long-term monitoring, and follow up visits.