Recent orders
Intro Outline for Exp. 1 Framing Effects
Intro Outline for Exp. 1: Framing Effects
NOTE: You cannot take sentences directly from this outline. You must write in all in your own words
Articles:
Johnson (1987)
Chien, et al. (1996)
Kahneman & Tversky (1973)
Hawkins & Hastie (1990)
Slovic & Fischhoff (1977)
YOU must find at least 5 more (you can use these in other sections of the paper as well)
Introduce and define problem: we all make decisions and choices involving risk (uncertainty). Usually we are good at it; sometimes, not so much! (1,3)
With uncertain decisions, we are essentially “predicting” the likelihood of our desired result (1, 3)
When dealing with uncertainty, 3 things affect our predictions (3)
Prior knowledge
Specific info about the subject/object/person
“expected accuracy of prediction” (YOU MUST EXPLAIN WHAT THIS MEANS ☺ )
C. When expected accuracy is low (i.e. we are not confident in our assessment), we rely more/add more weight to prior knowledge and specific info (1, 3)
This is especially true when we are not given all the information needed (1, 3)
We then rely even more heavily on prior knowledge and heuristics
D. New information can influence us to not rely on our own heuristics or prior experience (1)
2. One such type of influence is framing (how things are worded).
A. Define, explain, give example
B. Some research looked at whether people would chose a positively framed option over a negatively framed one, even if they were the same (1, others, your own articles?)
Demographic differences?
Seems robust- works on everyone, in every situation
Except: when we take into account EUT and Prospect Theory (3)
Expected Utility Theory: when making decisions, we assess probable outcomes by weighing the probabilities of each of them occurring (3)
Prospect Theory: a modified (improved?) version of the EUT (your own articles)
Focuses on decisions involving risk (gambles or prospects)
Insurance example: People like the certainty of coverage for one event better than the possibility of coverage for a bunch of events
Especially when it’s better than the probability of what you might lose
We select the option that we feel is most useful to us
Compare to the idea of “you get what you pay for” (1)
Main point: people are risk aversive (avoid risk) when one of the options is a sure gain; and risk-takers when there is a certainty of a loss.
note that this is about the certainty and sure-gain options, compared to the possible or probable options.
Researchers began looking at other factors that would influence our decision making, and if the Framing Effect is affected by these things. (your own articles)
Demographic differences (others?)
Hmm… so researchers began wondering if the TYPE of risk would be a factor
Morality (others?)
Monetary (2)
Mortality (2)
The results show…
However, overall, research has shown that we seem to be most affected by FE when
we are personally involved in the situation. So how about level of involvement?
Your own life? (others?)
Loved one’s life? (others?)
Strangers’ lives? (2, others?)
The results show…
3.5 Hindsight Bias
What is it? How does it influence decision-making/outcome judgments?
Why does Hindsight bias occur?
Possible explanations?
The current experiment (ours): Purpose:
To understand the susceptibility of people to the framing effect by measuring differing responses based on either a positively or negatively framed prompt.
Will replicate K&T ’81 experiment, with the exception that we will only be using mortality-based scenarios. (This article was not provided for Fall 2021)
Hypothesis
This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund f
INTERVIEW
Overview of the subject
This is a report of interview conducted on Musimbi Kanyoro, who is the Chief executive officer and president of Global Fund for Women (GFW), which is a non-governmental organization, which has multi-objectives. Among the various roles, GFW does consultancy, offering grants, advisory, advocacy, empowerment, peace keeping, and protecting health and sexual rights of women. As will be detailed later, the organization not only benefits the registered members but also the non-member in the attempt to lure them to join. Therefore, from the mission and vision of the organization it was evident that women can make big developmental strides, especially by learning from Musimbi Kanyoro.
Objectively, the interview was meant to research on women who strive so hard on the global avenues to address the social, economic, and political factors that affect the society. With that, the consolidated result will be used to build a database on their profiles, global contributions, their arguments or view points, and drive. As a result, this interview on Musimbi Kanyoro provides an appropriate sample for the whole research.
As a sample interview, I interviewed Musimbi Kanyoro, who apart from being the CEO and the president of GFW is a prominent advocate dealing with girls’ health and women’s rights, and social cultural change philanthropy. Again, Dr. Kanyoro is a transformative leader who has close to three decades of experience in managing and leading international NGOs, cross-cultural enumenical agencies, and global programs and projects. With that experience and global stature, she has acquired strategic and transformative leadership skills that enable her to inspire a number of people in the global arena.
Dr. Kanyoro commenced the interview by questioning why I was interested in their organization out of the very many options; this surprised me but I tried to convince her that from what I know about her and the organization, it would provide the best ideas to answer my research questions. Thereafter, she was very free with me and started by explaining that, despite the commonalities in various organizations, significant disparity is found on how they execute their roles. She further explained that many organizations do duplicate what others do instead of clearly defining their roles, which leads to unhealthy competitions among them. The doctor again stressed on the importance of good leadership that must be transformative, informative, and inclusive to all the stake holders in the organization.
Throughout the interview, Dr. Kanyoro kept consulting her diary, which implicitly revealed the benefits of keeping records. When I asked her how recording keeping is essential for the thriving of their organization, she started a whole new level of discussion about their organization. Explicitly, the organization deals with funding, through mobilizing and dissemination of fund, which inevitably calls for proper record keeping and accounting of all inputs and output.
For better understanding about women and their role, I asked her about personal questions on a general notion so as to grasp the most out of the conversation. She detailed replied by reiterating that, women still represent a minor percentage of what is needed of them. However, she defended women by basing her argument on the crude and unfair social and cultural notions that still prevail worldwide, which sidekick women in favor of male. The answer struck me, so I further enquired why and how she reached to that famous and big position and what drives her? She surprisingly responded that challenges and failures keep her moving as opposed to what people normally look for, success. Doctor Kanyoro explained the whenever she fails in her undertaking, she get a wider field to work on that facilitates t improvement of her efforts and focus.
According to Dr. Kanyoro, if girls and women are given equal platform as women, the world will realize double its growth; not because women work better, but because so many women are not even given a chance to work as their male counterparts. She also approached the idea by saying that most women have been force to relax or render unproductive roles, but the advantaged are overworked, which affect the efficiency and effectiveness of their roles. She again linked women lower plight to global male chauvinism.
Furthermore, the interview revealed that the lady has vast skills to mobilize resources and actions. She does this though her well developed oratory skills and capability of associating with people from several social and cultural backgrounds. In order to achieve this, she learnt several languages, which she claims to be undertaking the lessons regularly so as to maintain and improve her acquaintance. She insisted that proper communication is the foundation for association and leadership.
She is also an author of more than ten articles in addition to writing and co-editing seven books. Additionally, Dr. Kanyoro has made hundreds of speeches coupled with various opinion pieces, which make her frequently sought after to make public speech. She reiterated that her developed communication skills and love for languages have earned her a great stature and global respect, which happened to be a big challenge to the interviewer, me.
In addition, the doctor has served on several international boards, meetings, conferences, workshops, and working groups, some of which include the CHANGE, UN High level Taskforce for Reproductive Health and the boards of CARE, Aspen Leaders council , and IntraHealth (xxxx)
Markedly, Dr. Musimbi Kanyoro holds a PhD education level in Linguistics which she got from the University of Austin and Texas. In addition to that, the lady has a Doctorate in the field of Feminist, which she earned in San Francisco Theological Seminary. From the Harvard University, she studied a course on the Old Testament and Hebrews. Furthermore, she has received various recognition awards and three honorary degrees; for example, she acquired an award on leadership from the government of Kenya. Also, she was recently named in the list of 21 women leaders by Women’s E-News
In conclusion, is a global role model of so many women in the world society that should be emulated in order girls and women to compete their male counterparts. Both implicitly and explicitly from her responses, she has risen to her current position through hard work, tolerance, and mentorship, which all women ought to embrace and apply.
Works Cited
This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.
Interview
Author’s Name
Institutional Affiliations
Date
This is an interview between me and Abornzine, a student here who is of Indian American descent.
Me: Hi Abornazine, how are you?
Abornazine: Am great, how are things going with you?
Me: With the semester just beginning, school is manageable. How’s school for you?
Abornazine: Pretty slow, Classes are picking up and you know how it is with the registration..Me: Am so glad you agreed to talk to me today. Its been a real hustle getting someone to talk to with the semester just beginning. Thanks again
Abornazine: Its My pleasure. A. platform to talk about my roots is always welcome. I hope I can be of help to you though, I don’t exactly know what you want to know.
Me: As I said earlier during our conversation, I want to know more about the culture of the Native Americans. I believe you are familiar with this culture, right?
Abornazine: Of course I am familiar with my culture. Remember am of American Indian descent and I have lived amongst them half my life.
Me:. This is a big plus to my research. So, Abornazine, would you be comfortable enough to speak to me about your history, where you originally lived before moving to the United States, your family and what prompted your movement.
Abornazine: Well as I told you earlier am of American Indian Decent. My family lived in Oklahoma west of the Mississippi until late 90s when I lost my father to arthritis and my mother, a single and jobless mother, decided to move to America to try and make a living for us all.
Me: Oh! Am very sorry about your father. So you have been here for over a decade, do you ever miss the culture or the people back in Oklahoma? Is there any family member who remained back there, and do you ever get to see them?
Abornazine: America is an interesting country with different people and different cultures but like the old saying goes, east or west , home is best. Of course I miss Oklahoma. Everything there was more familiar and everybody was pretty the same. The dressing, the cooking, even the language was one. My whole extended family still stays there. We go to them once in a while for visits, especially during festivities that are held high by the American Indian people, like the pow wow celebrations where dancing is the order of the day.
Me: Really. That sounds amazing. But do you get to do some of these practices here in America, considering how different people are here?
Abornazine: Oh yes. So many times by the way. It brings home a little closer though it is never the same. We celebrate events like Christmas the Oklahoma way and we cook our traditional dishes from time to time. Some of the ingredients for our traditional dishes are not readily available here though and the little that are here are quiet expensive for everyday use.
Me: Oh really? Like the Wojape meal?. And your siblings, how are they taking this whole American life thing? You know not everybody has the same tastes.
Abornazine: Actually they are pretty accustomed to the new life now. I wouldn’t really say if they miss the life back in Oklahoma. I come from a family of five. My mother, my two sisters my eldest brother and I. And am still taking cooking lessons on that specific meal.
Me: Seems a well knit family to me. I remember you mentioned earlier that you have experienced different cultures In America. Has this had any effect on you or your family in relation to the culture back in Oklahoma?
Abornazine: Of course. We grew in a culture where celebrations were marked in special ways. Rituals, specific attires specific dances. But here in America, things are different. If I put on my feather hat and rattles to a prom night celebration, everybody would think am crazy likewise our rituals would be termed as voodoo. In Oklahoma, we did most of our food home cooked. The American Indian people like their food spice up and very chilly. But Americans are more fast food people and the ingredients for home cooking are a little bit too expensive.
Me: That’s great. I have really learned so much from you today. I hope we can do this again one day and I want lessons too on that wojape meal. Had it once and fell in love with it.
Abornazine: It’s a good thing to learn something directly from a source, even cooking. Hope I was able to help you in some way though, feels good to talk about my culture.
Me: OH yes. This talk is of great help to my research. We’ll see you around. Goodbye.
In as much as people move away from their areas of birth, their cultural background does not necessarily change. Some people remain faithful to their cultures while others tend to pick up new behaviors.