In dual federalism the federal government and state governments share equal powers and exercise the powers in different juris

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In dual federalism the federal government and state governments share equal powers and exercise the powers in different jurisdictions (Ablavsky, 2018). On the other hand, in a cooperative federalism the federal and state governments share equal powers an exercise the powers within the same sphere. Secondly, in dual federalism some of the powers of the state governments are equal to those of the federal government whereas, in a cooperative federalism, the powers of the state governments may be less than those of the federal government (Ablavsky, 2018). Thirdly, in dual federalism, the US Constitution gives powers limited powers to the federal government leaving the rest of the powers to be exercised by the state governments; thus, reducing workload for the federal government, and making the exercise of power more efficient (Ablavsky, 2018). Additionally, in dual federalism, state governments are empowered to make their own state laws without the interference by the central government. On the other hand, state governments are denied the independent power and all laws must be made through the intervention of both central and state governments. Lastly, dual federalism motivates radical ideologies whereas, in cooperate federalism there is an associated risk of disputes between the ruling parties of the state governments and the central government (Ablavsky, 2018).

Dual federalism is a superior way of governments working together because although the powers are equally shared by the federal and state governments, the states are allowed to amend their own laws independently, and only make those which are aligned with the central government laws (Ablavsky, 2018). By doing so, the risk of conflicts between the federal government and state governments is very minimal, unlike in cooperative federalism were states are denied independence for amending their laws. Furthermore, the power and responsibility of both federal and state governments is equally shared which results in enhanced efficiency through division of power. The desire for efficiency can be appreciated when the job of any government to be a difficult one; such that, a government is responsible for enforcing its own laws, providing services like education and health, maintaining security, ensuring civil rights and ensuring social welfare. Dual federalism makes it easier from the federal government to have its responsibilities shared with the state governments which have power to ensure the responsibilities are met (Ablavsky, 2018). As a result, the federal and state governments are able to easily work together without conflict. Also, dual federation is able to ensure that all the powers are divided into a more accurate sphere of power and responsibility by creating a complex system. Recalling the role of federalism in providing rules to the other governments, it can be seen that dual federalism is able to provide good coordination between all the governments. Coordination in cooperative federalism may not be as good as in dual federalism because states are not allowed to exercise their powers freely, and they are forced to rely on partnership with the central government (Ablavsky, 2018). This denies the states freedom for power exercise although they have an equal power as the central government. Also, when the state governments provide services to the local people, they will not have state government responsibility over them; thus, creating a loss of efficiency (Ablavsky, 2018). On the other hand, in dual federalism, the states are able to provide services like education and health care which may be not be efficiently provided by the central government on a much larger scale. Thus, this kind of federalism is a better way to work together as it is able to bring efficiency through cooperation of both governments.

Las Vegas has an unusually high crime rate in the recent years compared to the previous years. In 2013, the Nevada Attorney General’s Office reported an estimated 28 murders in the past year alone; this is up from one murder for every 200,000 residents in 2010 (James, 2018). The crime rates are expected to continue on this trend and many people have considered moving away from Las Vegas due to safety concerns. Various factors that have contributed to the increased crime rate in Las Vegas include drug trafficking, prostitution, and gambling (James, 2018). The emergence of gangs not only from within the city itself, but also from Los Angeles and other states as well has also contributed to increased crime rate in the city. Gangs have attracted young people with drug trafficking and are a major cause for the higher-than-predicted crime rates in Las Vegas (James, 2018). The gang violence has led to a lockdown on several randomly dangerous locations such as shopping malls and gas stations; thus, making them unsafe for people living in the community. Statistics from the FBI paint a picture of overall crime in the city; from 2013 to 2021, crime rate has risen 7% as well as with violent crime, which has increased by 61%. The reported rape rate for the same time period was 13.5%, this is up from an average of 5% in previous years (James, 2018). There are relatively few studies known to have been conducted on why crime rates in Las Vegas have escalated so much and what factors contribute to it, and the major reason for this surge in crime can be attributed to drug trafficking.

To: Madam Jacky Rosen,

The senator of Nevada state

RE: Reasons why it is critical to work immediately to solve the issue of increased crime rate in Las Vegas.

The Las Vegas metropolitan area is one of the most dangerous cities in the country as far as drug trafficking is concerned. The proximity to the Mexican border and a nearby international airport has made Las Vegas an ideal point of entry into the United States for drugs and illegal aliens, which is only one major reason why drug trafficking persists in this city (Shafiq et al., 2022). Additionally, the massive expansion of the casino industry in Las Vegas since 1990s has also contributed to elevated crime rates caused by organized crime rings that deal with prostitution, gambling and illicit drug sales. In fact, it is estimated that at least half of all crimes in Las Vegas are linked to drug trafficking, many associated with interstate criminal gangs like La Cosa Nostra, Sureños and Norteños (Shafiq et al., 2022). The increased crime rate in the city has resulted in a number of severe effects which include reduced safety for the community members, disrupted social order, chaos and mistrust amongst the members living in the community, economic costs on the people and the government at large, as well as reduced quality of life amongst others. Considering the severe effects of increased crime rate in Las Vegas, it is crucial to immediately address the issue and develop strategic solutions for the problem.

First of all, crime prevention is the initial step of exercising justice; thus, it is important to work immediately to solve the problem (Shafiq et al., 2022). Delayed intervention by the state government of Nevada will be unjust for the people of Las Vegas, since the government has the important responsibility of curbing the crime rate, and maintaining safety for the community. Immediate intervention will also help to enhance quality of life of the citizens because they will not exposed to the threat of the dangerous crime activities. Thus, there needs to be an increased level of resources and effective commitment by the state government, law enforcement agencies in Las Vegas and their respective leaders to address crime rate in the city (Shafiq et al., 2022).

The state government has a responsibility of maintaining order within its jurisdiction and it is crucial for the local officials to work with the residents so that they can prevent crime from occurring. Instead of penalizing the criminals, more attention should be placed on finding out why people commit crimes in the first place and how to stop people from being lured into this criminal network. The law enforcement agencies must also ensure that they do not compromise evidence when resolving crimes because it may encourage even more crime in the city.

Also, early intervention will help reduce the costs associated with the criminal justice system as well as the social costs which are incurred through ensuring that the community members are not psychologically affected by the crime (Shafiq et al., 2022). If people do not feel safe in the community, then they are more likely to stay away from law enforcement agencies, which will translate into cost savings on policing services and other related costs. Also, early rehabilitation of criminals through a treatment program for first-time offenders will also contribute to prevent further recidivism. This also helps reduce costs on the people because it will help to prevent them from being re-arrested after being released from jail.

Lastly, early interventions for crime prevention will not only reduce crime activities and victimization but also enhance sustainable development of the city, and the whole of Nevada (Safiq et al., 2022). It is crucial for the state government to provide stable funding through allocating more resources to the police, judiciary and prison sectors. The local police need the state government support to maintain law and order in the city. If there is a high crime rate in Las Vegas, then it will have negative effects on economic development of the city and thus this will further reduce quality of life for residents and also increase costs to business operations within the city. Also, individuals are more likely to leave their homes in order to stay away from dangerous criminal activities (Shafiq et al., 2022). They are also more likely to struggle with emotional stress when they are living in fear of becoming victims of crime. Also, with regards to early crime prevention, it is imperative for the state government to focus on building an effective crime reduction program that is capable of reducing the number of crimes occurring within the city. The program must also be able to effectively mitigate the ongoing issue of homelessness and poverty that has risen in Las Vegas due to high rate of poverty within in Nevada. This can be achieved through adequate provision of social programs and services (Shafiq et al., 2022).

All these reasons explain why it is critical to ensure immediate interventions that would help to prevent crime and reduce its rate in Las Vegas. Delayed interventions will not help to achieve quality outcomes as compared to earlier interventions; thus, it is important to consider this issue as an emergency problem that requires urgent solution. Otherwise, the state will worsen, and the crime activities would grow to not only affect Las Vegas, but Nevada State as a whole.

References

Ablavsky, G. (2018). Empire states: The coming of dual Federalism. Yale LJ, 128, 1792. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ylr128&section=40James, N. (2018). Recent violent crime trends in the United States. Congressional Research Service, 45236. https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R45236.pdfKincaid, J. (2019). The Three Shades of American Federalism. 50 Shades of Federalism. http://50shadesoffederalism.com/case-studies/the-three-shades-of-american-federalism/Shafiq, N. B., & Ali, D. H. A. (2022). The Economic Determinants of Crime Rate in 7 Selected Countries: A Panel Data Analysis Approach. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 12(1), 44-53. https://archive.aessweb.com/index.php/5004/article/view/4439