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twitter case study
[Student’s Name]
Course
[Institution Affiliation]
DateFirst the article states that Twitter, started in 2006, revolutioning the social networking industry by propelling a never seen previously microblogging platform to the public. Every back to back quarter of customer development permitted Twitter to extend to a wide range of demographics, in this manner expanding their general popularity. From 2009 to 2013, statistics demonstrate a 280% expansion in normal number of tweets every day from 70 million to a shocking 180 million tweets (Piskorski, Chen, Heil, & Smith 2010). Right now, twitter remains as a typical type of popular culture and proceeds extend by roughly 460,000 new twitter accounts every day.
The article also denotes that Twitter intended to allow all customers to tweet an unlimited quantity of 140 character texts, involving individual encounters, investments or whatever else that relates to themselves as well as other people. Twitter draws in customer to customer contact through communication, and labels connecting individuals with comparable interests. It also informs that of late Twitter has risen with another arrangement of drawing in people and organizations into the twitter world as one agreeable unit, known as advanced tweets. Advanced tweets reformed the online notice industry for the accompanying reason, “All Promoted Tweets are natural Tweets, and there is not a private “advertisement” in the Promoted Tweets platform that isn’t now a natural piece of Twitter.” (Twitter). Permitting customers to communicate with an advanced tweet as they would with a general tweet, through retweeting or favoring the particular tweet.
It is also worth no note that the article stated that advanced tweets are shown each one in turn at the highest point of pertinent indexed lists, to guarantee custom satisfaction and maintaining a strategic distance from complaints. The policy of advancing a tweet begins with any twitter record worked by a business. Elevated tweets are publicized to particular demographics that relate to the thing or services being advanced, increasing viability of the tweet (Piskorski, Chen, Heil, & Smith 2010). The article states that a business can take one of their customary tweets and pay to advance it, propelling the elevated tweets to the highest point of the related list items. “We’ll endeavor to quantify whether the Tweets echo with customers and quit demonstrating Promoted Tweets that don’t resonate.”(Twitter). As expressed, to save customer satisfaction, not all advanced tweets stay on the highest point of query items.
The article says that the focal points of advanced tweets are much more progressed contrasted with different manifestations of notice in view of Twitters propelled information on their purchasers. “Twitter’s ads are diverse and have a leg up on the grounds that they will be intermixed with extraordinarily time-touchy substance.” (Piskorski, Chen, Heil, & Smith 2010). This information helps Twitter with diverting elevated tweets as per customers geographic zone, engages and who they are taking after. Bringing about boosting the satisfaction of users and the benefits of organizations subsidizing the advanced tweets. Numerous users haven’t even perceived the advanced tweets as strange, some even discover them helpful and subsequently are still substance with Twitter’s services. Bogdan Becea imparted his satisfaction to advanced tweets, “I have quite recently experienced my first #promoted tweet and was really intrigued by the connection “( Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010).
The article later states that twitters offers organizations advantage just as the consumers. They pay for advanced tweets that are coordinated to a handpicked demographic of users arranged around comparative hobbies of their advanced item. For example it explains that “Virgin had its fifth biggest deals day ever because of a Twitter campaign.”( Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010). Generally speaking, all sides of the plan are content with the result bringing about Twitter creating higher income through advanced tweet deals and having the capacity to reject irate customers with a choice to release advanced tweets from their timetable.
The article also depicts that there are Inconsequential negative criticism have been found with respect to Twitters advanced tweets. Dissentions have been vocalized on Twitter and in addition current news articles or purchaser sites. “Stop the #promotedtweets, @Twitter. Whenever I see a #promotedtweet in my food I in a split second piece the sender.” (Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010). Other than the consistent naysayers of publicizing on Twitter numerous are bothered as a result of the misinterpreted pertinence of elevated tweets to their diversions. Despite the fact that Twitter tries to oversee advanced tweets the best they would, it be able keep away from mistake in dealing with the particular relations in the middle of diversions and certain individuals. Bringing about slip-ups that bother Twitter customers. “I am South African and simply gotten an “Advanced Tweet” about an American chicken wings restaurant (Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010). It’s not just particular users experiencing the advanced tweets, additionally little organizations get the short end of the stick. The increasing expense of advanced tweets anticipate start up and little business from rising into the twitter business organizing world, this postures as a noteworthy setback for economies that flourish through their little organizations.
The article later concludes that is going to experience an amazing growth in notoriety is keeping on skyrocketing in both the quantity of customers effectively using the site, and additionally the measure of substance posted and retweeted consistently. Faultfinders contend advanced tweets will end numerous customers’ dedication to the site, because of expanding inconvenience and insignificance of advanced tweets, however the general preferences trump these minor setbacks. In 2011, 29.2% of Twitter customers expressed that the advanced tweets that they experience are from brands that are important to them (Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010). Around the same time an unimportant 11.5% surveyed that advanced tweets were irritating and detract from the Twitter experience (Piskorski, Chen, Heil & Smith 2010). Every gathering included with advanced tweets, including Twitter, the organizations and people with twitter accounts, all advantage and will keep on profiting as indicated by the related Twitter patterns. In the event that Twitter keeps their advanced tweets at an adequate level, as it is presently, incomes ought not to change lower than ordinary, and the Twitter sensation will keep on living as one of the biggest web destinations running in this time.
I conclude that the article did not only offer credible information about twitter as company but also informed the public about the up and down of all the undertaking of the company from revenue to future prospects of the company.
Work Cited
Piskorski, Mikolaj Jan, David Chen, Bill Heil, and Aaron Smith. HYPERLINK “http://hbr.org/product/Twitter/an/710455-PDF-ENG” t “_blank” “Twitter.” Harvard Business School Case 710-455, January 2010. (Revised January 2014.)
Twenty Years After In Search of Excellence Where is Culture Now
Twenty Years After In Search of Excellence: Where is Culture Now?
For submission to: the Organizational Behavior track
Midwest Academy of Management Annual Meeting 2003
“We began to realize that these companies had cultures as strong as any Japanese organization. And the trappings of cultural excellence seemed recognizable, no matter what the industry. Whatever the business, by and large the companies were doing the same, sometimes cornball, always intense, always repetitive things to make sure all employees were buying into their culture—or opting out.” (Peters and Waterman, 1982, p. xx)
So, just 20 years ago, corporate culture was pushed strongly to center stage for managers and academics alike. The 1982 book was a central part of a stream—no, a torrent—of popular and academic business publications. Preceded by Theory Z (Ouchi 1981), and concurrent with Corporate Cultures (Deal & Kennedy, 1982), Peters and Waterman offered explanations and recipes for success. While the popular press explored culture, management researchers dove in with full furor, as evidenced by the special organizational culture issue of the Administrative Science Quarterly in 1983, and then the landmark book Organizational Culture (Frost, Moore, Louis, Lundberg & Martin, 1985).
Now, 20 years later, what is the place and purpose of culture research? Have all the questions been answered? Have all the debates been settled? Has a hot topic rightfully cooled in the Academy?
Symposium Purpose
We propose that a number of key issues still need to be explored, and offer three papers that look at culture as a key variable in organizational life. Our symposium is the fruit of a doctoral seminar in organizational culture, in which we sought to answer 6 overriding questions for the field of organizational culture: 1) What is organizational culture? 2) Where does it come from? 3) How, exactly, is culture related to performance? 4) How should we research culture? What methods are appropriate? 5) What are the key levers for changing organizational culture? 6) How are organizational and national cultures linked?
As a result of student research in this seminar, we focus on three areas where organizational culture research may still provide direction for practitioners and academics alike. These areas—which connect organizational culture to other key phenomena, help sketch the edges of the frontier in culture research. As we look at one paper which connects like-level constructs (culture and mentoring), another which connects culture across organizational sectors (private and public enterprise), and a third which connects levels (organizational and national), we believe the presentations and discussion may spur others to set up research outposts on the organizational culture frontier.
The Importance of Organizational Culture in Public Sector Reforms
Much of the research in the Academy has focused on the for-profit sector, leaving the not-for-profit and governmental sectors relatively understudied. Yet, for the past 3 decades, public sector organizations around the world have undergone a series of progressive management reforms (Dann, 1996), encouraging a transformation of traditional bureaucratic administration to new public management (NPM). This movement has involved the advocacy of private sector business concepts and styles (McHugh, 1997). Despite the movement toward NPM, we still lack empirical understanding of public sector organizational culture. With widespread acknowledgement that significant organizational change inevitably involves cultural challenges, such a lack of cultural awareness and sensitivity in this sector may be leading to some of the failures in public sector reforms. An improved understanding of culture, and individual organizational cultures, within the public sector can provide the basis for evaluating appropriate change strategies, and hopefully improved outcomes in the public sector organizations. (Parker & Bradley, 2000).
Piamlarb Natrujirote, a DBA student at St. Ambrose University, will raise this challenge. Her interest in the connection of organizational and public sector reform comes in part from her experience as a trade officer and Assistant to the Deputy Minister of Commerce in Thailand.
Does Organization Culture Influence The Effectiveness of a Mentoring Program?
The influence of organizational culture on the effectiveness of mentoring programs has not been extensively researched. This paper suggests that a typology of organizational culture may be used to help predict the successful implementation of a mentoring program. Building on the Goffee and Jones (1998) culture classification approach, this paper connects organization sociability and solidarity with the probable success of mentoring programs—formal and informal. Propositions and a methodology for testing them are suggested. Marc points out that while there has been significant criticism of formal mentoring programs (Allen, Russell & Maetzke, 1997), the effect of culture on the efficacy of such programs has not been clearly considered.
Marc Parise is the Regional President for First Midwest Bank. Marc has overall responsibility for the commercial loan portfolio and commercial sales functions for four banking centers stretching from Iowa to Indiana, accounting for 25% of the company’s commercial banking assets. Marc’s bachelor’s degree is in finance from Northern Illinois University and he has a graduate degree in finance from DePaul University. His interest in mentoring and organizational culture stems directly from his experience with the mentoring program he developed and implemented in his organization. He proposes important, yet unresearched culture/mentoring relationships that may help explain the mixed success many organizations have had in developing formal mentoring programs.
The Influence of National Culture on Organizational Culture Formation
While there is no universal definition of culture, there is widespread agreement that culture is a multi-layered construct. While researchers identify these layers using different terms, a common theme throughout the culture literature is to label the observable culture phenomena as “practices” or “artifacts” and the deeper, more tacit phenomena as “values ” or “assumptions”. In addition, a growing body of research shows that organizational culture may be closely related to practices, whereas national culture is more closely related to values. If this research is on track, national culture should be expected to have a significant influence on organizational culture formation. So, an understanding of the relationship is essential.
This research examines the ways in which national culture is related to and even a partial determinant of organizational culture. This research calls for approaching cultural research in multinational organizations using a specific frame of mind and suggests several ways through which the influence of national culture on organizational culture formation might be understood once the connection between the two is recognized. Integrating the work of Schein (1992), Martin (2002), Trice and Beyer (1993), Hofstede (1993; 1999) and Hofstede, Neuijen, Daval Ohayv, and Sanders (1990), this paper proposes an integration of the layers of national and organizational cultures.
Shawn Duster is Project Manager, Computer Security Architecture and Infrastructure Support, with John Deere at the Worldwide Headquarters. He received his BS from Clarke College, majoring in Mathematics and Computer Science, and his MBA from St. Ambrose University.
References
Allen, T. D., Russell, J. E., & Maetzke, S. B. (1997). Formal peer mentoring: Factors
related to protégés satisfaction and willingness to mentor others. Group and Organization Management, 22(4), 488-507.
Dann, S. (1996). Public sector reform and the long-term public servant. Journal of Public
Sector Management, 9(2), 28-35.
Deal, T. & Kennedy, A. (1982). Corporate cultures: The rites and rituals of corporate life.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Frost, P., Moore, L., Louis, M., Lundberg, C., & Martin, J. (Eds.). (1985). Organizational
culture. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Goffee, R., & Jones, G. (1998). The character of a corporation. New York: Harper-Collins.
Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81-94.
Hofstede, G. (1999). Problems remain, but theories will change: The universal and specific in 21st century global management. Organization Dynamics, 21(1), 34-44.
Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Daval Ohayv, D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring organization cultures: A qualitative and quantitative study across twenty cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 286-316.
Martin, J. (2002). Organizational culture: Mapping the terrain. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
McHugh, M. (1997). Trouble in paradise: Disintegrated strategic change within a government
agency. International Journal of Public Sector Management, 10(6), 433-443.
Ouchi, W. (1981). Theory Z: How American business can meet the Japanese challenge.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley
Parker, R. & Bradley, L. (2000). Organization culture in the public sector: Evidence from six
organizations. The International Journal of Public Sector Management, 13(2), 125-141.
Peter, T., & Waterman, R. (1982). In search of excellence: Lessons from American’s best-run
companies. NY, NY: Warner Books.
Schein, E. (1992). Organizational culture and leadership (2ndEd.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Trice, H., & Beyer, J. (1993). The cultures of work organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice Hall.
Twenty important women contributing to American society to the Civil War
Twenty important women contributing to American society to the Civil War
Name
Institution
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Clendenning, J. (2007). The American novel. Retrieved from: <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americannovel/timeline/stowe.html>
Gerson, N. B. (1976). Harriet Beecher Stowe: A biography. New York.
Haugen, B. (2005). Harriet Beecher Stowe: Author and advocate. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books.
Harriet Beecher Stowe was born in Litchfield on June 14, 1811. She was enrolled in Catherine’s school, which followed the classical learning course that was reserved for young men (Clendenning, 2007). She was born in a family of 13 children, 7 boys and 6 girls. She was an antislavery crusader, which led to her publication, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, a novel that led her to achieving national fame (Gerson, 1976). Among some of her other books and publications were, The minister’s wooing, Oldtown folks, and Pearl of Orr’s island among others (Haugen, 2005).
Queen Elizabeth 1
Burt, D. S. (2001). The biography book: A reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.
Havelin, K. (2002). Queen Elizabeth I. Minneapolis: Lerner.
Weir, A. (2008). The life of Elizabeth I. New York: Ballantine Books.
Elizabeth Tudor, Queen Elizabeth 1, was born in Greenwich palace on September 7, 1533. She was a bright child, who went through formal education through tutoring from some of Cambridge University’s brightest minds. She was the daughter to King Henry VIII and Queen Anne Boleyn. Even though she did not openly adore religion, she was able to study theology as well as offer support to the protestant cause even though she was a catholic (Burt, 2001).
Harriet Tubman
Bauer, M. D., & Lyon, T. (2010). Harriet Tubman. New York: Scholastic.
Humez, J. M. M. (2003). Harriet Tubman: The life and the life stories. Madison, Wis: University of Wisconsin Press.
McGowan, J. A., & Kashatus, W. C. (2011). Harriet Tubman: A biography. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood.
Harriet Tubman was born into slavery at around 1820. Tubman was born Araminta Ross, but decided to change her initial name to Harriet, which was after her mother (Bauer and Lyon, 2010). Harriet was an African American humanitarian, abolitionist and was a Union spy during the civil war in America. Her major historical contribution was making rescue missions for freeing some of her friends and family from slavery (Humez, 2003). She was able to do this by using the Underground Railroad, and is known to have saved 300 slaves, later pointing it out on Fredrick Douglass that she did not lose and passenger (Humez, 2003). Afterwards, she decided to settle in Auburn, New York, where she spent the rest of her life to her death in the year 1913 (McGowan and Kashatus, 2011).
Susan B. Anthony
Gordon, A. (2000). American National Bibliography Online. Retrieved from: <http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00021.html?from=../16/16-03580.html&from_nm=Nichols%2C%20Clarina%20Howard>
McPherson, S. S. (2006). Susan B. Anthony. Minneapolis, MN: Lerner Publications Co.
Todd, A. M. (2009). Susan B. Anthony: Activist. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
Susan B. Anthony was born in Massachusetts on February, 1820. She was brought up in a family that considered males and females as equal, which led to her desire to establish equality in the world. Susan was a skillful political strategist, through which she was able to amass support in opposition to the 14th and 15th amendments in the constitution, which did not enfranchise women. After her trial and conviction in the year 1872 for voting, she led a women protest in the year 1876 to fight for equal rights for women. Before this, she published a radical paper, The Revolution, whose content advocated for equality.
Askew Mary Brown
Foxe, J., & King, J. N. (2009). Foxe’s Book of martyrs: Select narratives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Historical society of Pennsylvania. (2012). Women during the civil war. Retrieved from: <http://hsp.org/collections/catalogs-research-tools/subject-guides/women-during-the-civil-war>
Tal, K. (2004). Women in particular: An index to American women. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press.
Even though Brown’s birthplace and date, she lived in Burlington, New Jersey. She is a representation of a woman that has no ties to war, which led her to avoid writing about some of the news in the city. However, due to her commitment to church matters, being an active Presbyterian, her writing on the regiments left the city at a war outbreak.
Elizabeth Blackwell
National Women’s History Museum. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910). Retrieved from: <https://www.nwhm.org/education-resources/biography/biographies/elizabeth-blackwell/>
Greene, C. (1991). Elizabeth blackwell: First woman doctor. S.l.: Scholastic, Inc.
Robbins, T., Martin, C., & Timmons, A. (2007). Elizabeth Blackwell: America’s first woman doctor. Mankato, Minn: Capstone Press.
Elizabeth Blackwell was born near Bristol, England in 3 February 1821. After living in Bristol for 11 years, she moved with her family to the US. Blackwell was the first woman ever to graduate from medical school, before which she faced criticism from the public as well as fellow students. Before returning to England for her private practice, she created a women’s medical school in the United States.
Abigail Adams
First lady bibliography: Abigail Adams. Retrieved from: <http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=2>
Burt, D. S. (2001). The biography book: A reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.
Hubbard-Brown, J. (2009). Abigail Adams: First Lady. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
Abigail Adams was one of the most influential women in the revolutionary America. She was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts in 11 November 1744 in a family of four, three sisters and one brother. After her marriage to John Adams, and a consequential separation from him afterwards, she stayed at home and saw her children through formal education. Her entertaining role as the wife of the vice president continued even after his husband was elected as the president of the country, after which she retired to their home on Quincy where she died in the year 1818.
Louisa May Alcott
Delamar, G. T. (2001). Louisa May Alcott and “Little women”: Biography, critique, publications, poems, songs, and contemporary relevance. Lincoln, NE: IUniverse. com.
Saxton, M. (1995). Louisa May Alcott: A modern biography. New York: Noonday Press.
Stern, M. B. (1999). Louisa May Alcott: A biography. Boston: Northeastern Univ. Press.
Louisa May Alcott was a famed novelist born on 29 November 1832 in Pennsylvania. Both her father and some of their family friends taught her. She did her writing under a number of pseudonyms, and after her commitment to writing was when she started using her name. Before her death in the year 1888, she wrote a novel, “Little Women,” which gave her a lifetime financial independence and financial stability.
Elizabeth Fisher
Burt, D. S. (2001). The biography book: A reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.
Fatherly, S. (2008). Gentlewomen and learned ladies: Women and elite formation in Eighteenth Century Philadelphia. Bethlehem [Pa.: Lehigh University Press.
Born in Pennsylvania in the year 1871, Elizabeth was a renowned painter of landscapes and portraits, and was a great-grandniece of George Washington, the first president of the United States. For this reason, she became a member of Colonial Dames of America as well as the Magna Carta Dames. However, she was fully devoted to art after studying in the Philadelphia Museum School of Industrial Art, which is now the Philadelphia College of Art. Through her art, she could express her delight in some of the things in the world, thereby leaving a prosperous artistic legacy upon her death in the year 1953.
Helen Grier
Daughters of the American Revolution. (1946). Daughters of the American Revolution magazine. Washington, D.C: National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution.
Daughters of the American Revolution., & Fendrick, V. S. (1944). Pennsylvania. Franklin County Chapter: American Revolutionary soldiers of Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Chambersburg, Pa.
Grundset, E., Diaz, B. L., Gentry, H. L., & Strahan, J. D. (2008). Forgotten patriots: African American and American Indian patriots in the Revolutionary War : a guide to service, sources and studies. Washington, D.C: National Society Daughters of the American Revolution.
Helen Grier is known for her sporadic diary, which she began writing on 21 november 1862, in Philadelphia. She was born in the year 1846, later getting married to James Hervey McClurg and having two children with him. She is famous for providing food for the soldiers during the civil war and praying for them.
Martha Jefferson
Ambrosius, L. E. (2004). Writing biography: Historians and their craft. Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
Burt, D. S. (2001). The biography book: A reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.
Grimes, R. (1993). My Thomas: A novel of Martha Jefferson’s life. New York: Doubleday.
Martha Jefferson was born Martha Wayles Skelton in the year1748, in Charles City County, Virginia. Martha died tragically at the age of 33 years, which was twenty years before her husband, Thomas Jefferson, was elected for presidency in the United States. She was not only the firs, but she was the only wife of Thomas Jefferson. There are people who indicate that her illness emanated from her last pregnancy, since she fell ill soon after giving birth to her second daughter.
Mary Edward Walker
Mary Edwards Walker: Civil war doctor. Retrieved from: <http://www.northnet.org/stlawrenceaauw/walker.htm>
Joinson, C. (2006). Civil War doctor: The story of Mary Edwards Walker. Greensboro, N.C: Morgan Reynolds Pub.
Goldsmith, B. Z. (2010). Dr. Mary Edwards Walker: Civil War surgeon & medal of honor recipient. Edina, Minn: ABDO Pub.
Mary Walker was born in Oswego, New York, on 26 November 1832. After her graduation from the Syracuse Medical College, she served as an assistant surgeon before her capture by the Confederate army. This was during the civil war. Among her achievements was a Congressional Medal of Honor for her voluntary services as a volunteer nurse during the civil war. Being a human rights activist, Walker was giving lectures on the rights of women, suffrage and dress reform. She later died in Oswego in the year 1919.
Florence Nightingale
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Bishop, W. J., & Goldie, S. (1962). A bio-bibliography of Florence Nightingale. London: Dawsons of Pall Mall, for the International Council of Nurses with which is associated the Florence Nightingale International Foundation.
Nightingale, F., & Vallée, G. (2001). The collected works: An introduction to her life and family. Waterloo, Ont: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
Strachey, L. (2013). The Biography of Florence Nightingale. Lanham: Start Publishing LLC.
Florence Nightingale, whose father was a wealthy landowner, was born on 12 may, 1820 in Florence, Italy. Her father was her teacher, who taught her different subjects that were inclusive of Greek, French, Italian, German, history, Latin, mathematics and philosophy. At the age of seventeen, Florence felt that God was calling her to fulfill an unnamed great cause. Despite opposition from her parents, she decided to study nursing, something that assisted her in the later years to assist the sick British army officers who were suffering from malaria and cholera through some of her contacts in The Times. Her quest to bring about reforms in the army led her to publish two books, Notes on nursing (1859) and Notes on hospital (1859). She later died in the year 1910 while in London.
Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley
Burstyn, J. N., & Women’s Project of New Jersey. (1997). Past and promise: Lives of New Jersey women. Syracuse, N.Y: Syracuse University Press.
Cullen-DuPont, K. (2000). Encyclopedia of women’s history in America. New York: Facts On File.
Frost-Knappman, E., & Cullen-DuPont, K. (2005). Women’s suffrage in America. New York: Facts On File.
Mary Ludwig Hays McCauley, was born near Trenton, new jersey on October 13, 1754. She got her nickname, Pitcher during the American revolutionary War’s Battle of Monmouth. During this time, she used to carry water pitchers to the soldiers that were participating in the battle. Her husband collapsed during battle, after which she began operating his cannon, and in the year 1822, she was honored due to her bravery. She died on 22 January 1832, in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Deborah Sampson
Burke, R. (2003). Deborah Sampson. Chicago: Heinemann Library.
Freeman, L. (1992). America’s first woman warrior: The courage of Deborah Sampson. New York: Paragon House.
Klass, S. S. (2009). Soldier’s secret: The story of Deborah Sampson.
Deborah Sampson is remembered as a secretive soldier who was able to disguise herself as a man in order to fight in the American Revolution. She was born on 17 December, 1760 in Plympton, Massachusetts. Sampson was wounded in battle near Tarrytown, after which she decided to tend to her wounds by herself since she did not want the authorities to identify her as a female soldier. Since her leg was not able to heal properly, she was hospitalized in Philadelphia, where the physician identified that she was a woman, after which he made arrangements that led to the revelation that Sampson was female. This discovery ended her military career and General Henry Knox discharged her honorably on 25 October 1783. She later died in Massachusetts on 29 April 1827 at the age of 66.
Clara Barton
Burton, D. H. (1995). Clara Barton: In the service of humanity. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
Burt, D. S. (2001). The biography book: A reader’s guide to nonfiction, fictional, and film biographies of more than 500 of the most fascinating individuals of all time. Westport, CT: Oryx Press.
Sloate, S. (1990). Clara Barton: Founder of the American Red Cross. New York: Fawcett Colombine.
Clara Barton was the founder of the American Red Cross, who was born in Massachusetts in the year 1821. She was born as the youngest in a family of five children. As a teenager, she began working as a teacher; later moving to Washington D. C. to work as for the patent office, and during her period in Washington, she took was not being treated well as a woman, which prompted her to fight for women’s rights to be treated equally in the different work places. During her early years, she was taking care of her brother, a factor that influenced her into taking care of soldiers during the civil war. Throughout the civil war, she was travelling to different battles in order to help the wounded soldiers, and through her bravery, she offered a comforting presence to the soldiers in the battlefield, who later identified her as the “Angel of the Battlefield. Later on, she lobbied and founded the American Red Cross, which was for helping victims of different disasters. She died in the year 1912.
Sojourner Truth
Mabee, C., & Newhouse, S. M. (1993). Sojourner Truth–slave, prophet, legend. New York: New York University Press.
Murphy, L. G. (2011). Sojourner Truth: A biography. Santa Barbara, Calif: Greenwood.
Painter, N. I. (1996). Sojourner truth: A life, a symbol. New York: W.W. Norton.
Born Isabella Baumfree, sojourner Truth spent the first 29 years of her life in slavery, where she was being sold from one owner to another to perform demanding tasks. She was born in Swartekill, New York the year 1797. During her years as a slave, she met her husband, Thomas, thereby having five children with him. After some time, Isabella ran away to freedom, thereby leaving her husband to the Quaker family. As a women’s rights activist, she was able to deliver a famous speech, “Ain’t I a woman?” after she had began having talks about women suffrage. She later died in her home in Michigan, on 26 November 1883.
Besty Ross
Miller, M. R. (2011). Betsy Ross and the making of America.
Randolph, R. P. (2002). Betsy Ross: The American flag, and life in a young America. New York: PowerPlus Books.
Silate, J. (2004). Betsy Ross: Creator of the American flag. New York: Rosen Central Primary Source.
Besty Ross was a fourth generation American, born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in the year 1752. Before her irrevocable split with her family, Besty was apprenticed with an upholsterer, ending up getting married outside the religion of the Quakers. She later joined her husband, John Ross, in the business. It is assumed that George Washington requested her to create the first American flag. However, she passed on at the age of 84 on January 30, 1836.
Lucy Stone
Hays, E. R., & Stone, L. (1961). Morning Star. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Kerr, A. M. (1992). Lucy Stone: Speaking out for equality. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press.
Million, J. (2003). Woman’s voice, woman’s place: Lucy Stone and the birth of the woman’s rights movement. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Praeger.
Lucy Stone, a cofounder of the American Equal Rights Association was born in the year 1818 in Dorchester, Massachusetts. She was an abolitionist and a very famous human rights activist, and did not fear to rebel against her parents when she decided to pursue higher education at the age of 16 years. During her schooling years in Oberlin college, the administration barred her from pursuing her passion in public speaking, a factor that did not deter her from being the first woman in Massachusetts to get a bachelors degree. She was later an acclaimed speaker, leading to her election as the president of the New Jersey Woman Suffrage Association. Even though she was advocating for women to be allowed to vote, she was not able to achieve this reality before her death in Dorchester on October 18, 1893.