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Two patterns of organizational change
Two patterns of organizational change
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Two patterns of organizational change
Episodic change
An example of episodic change in a back it the change that occurs when the bank management introduces changes in bits in regard to the changes in the socio, economic, technological spheres, etc. Like when automating banking process, the management adopts the automation processes that are currently available and give time to employees to get accustomed to them. When new enhanced processes are developed, the management adopts them, and the employees have to get accustomed to them and be ready for more changes in future. These changes conform to time-to-time changes that occur in the market or technological changes that keep bringing about new gadgets, hard ware and software.
The outlook of episodic change in a school organization is not different form that of the bank. The changes will be seen takes place in bits, when the school management introduces changes in episodes or phases to conform to time to time changes such as changes in the government policies on education or school management. Government policy keeps on changing and improving. A transformational leader adopt this change to the school in bits to allow the followers time to take up the new changes and when a new development occurs, he does away with the previous changes, introducing new one that the followers have to learn again.
Continuous or incremental change
Continuous change in a bank involves a gradual process of change such continuous improvement of service provision at the bank that may involve gradual introduction of technological gadgets and increment of the number of employees, training the employee on better methods of service provision so that the enhance on what the could previously do without necessarily discarding what the previously did.
In a school setting continuous change is evident in the continuous improvement of the teachers and other employees’ ability to serve their duties such continuous revision of syllabus and curriculum to add or delete content, continuous purchase of new teaching materials and continuous improvement of teaching efficiency by taking teachers through seminars to ensure that tomorrow they teacher better than they taught today.
Two major factors that contributed to the scramble for and acquisition of African colonies in the late nineteenth century
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Two major factors that contributed to the scramble for and acquisition of African colonies in the late nineteenth century
After the continental drift, the world separated into various continents including Africa, Europe, North and South America. The regions had different lifestyle, resources, color, language and most importantly advancement in development. The differences brought many uncertainties with many superior countries opting to take over other regions. One such region that faced hostility from the developed and socially stable countries is Africa. From 1870s to 1900, Africa as a continent faced the inferior imperialist aggression, military invasions, diplomatic pressure, which led to the conquest and finally colonization (Fox 166). Despite putting up resistance to protect and safeguard their resources and continent as a whole, most of the African countries had been colonized by early 20th century. Two main factors contributed the scramble and partition of Africa in the late nineteenth century.
Competition within European countries remains a major factor that drove colonization of Africa in the 19th century. The inter-European power competitions from the Britain, Portugal, Spain, Germany, France and Belgium, created the need for more space in the European continent (Gat 53). One such way to show preeminence to other countries was to inhabit and maintain colonies around the world. At this time Africa had no access to technology, lacked military equipments had not taste of industrializations. In this light, they were vulnerable and weak as well as unable to sustain an attack from external forces. The disadvantages made it a quick choice for most European countries who wanted a golden opportunity to acquire respect and control from the competitors (Satre 37). Evidently, no country wanted to stay without colonies in the 19th century, however, competition mainly envisioned through Germany, France and Britain. Capitalism led to massive industrialization without adequate resources in sight. Many factories had been set up; however, they lacked raw materials to produce the many anticipated products. After the discovery of natural resources in the African continent, each country in Europe strived to control an area of resource (Fox 166). Apart from seeking raw materials, the Europeans also targeted the vast African market for their finished goods. In the 19th century, many African countries if not all had the ability to manufacture finished goods. However, in Europe capitalism opened gates for massive productions for the scrambled African colonies.
Philosophy of racial hierarchy dominated Europe in the 19th century (Satre 38). As a result, the Europeans took a superiority role of advanced civilization. They, therefore, decided to conquer the world with the aim of enlightening and civilizing the many people who still stayed in the Dark Ages. As depicted in the white man’s burden by Rudyard Kipling, Europeans stereotyped and racialized African people hence justifying the colonization step (Gat 54). Many Christian missionaries supported colonization of Africa due to the anticipated good atmosphere. Interestingly, many European missionaries supported colonization of Africa as this would provide them with a conducive atmosphere for spreading Christianity. This is despite the negative view of different ways in which the Europeans met resistance from the African quota
In conclusion, scramble for and possession of African had many driving factors, however, the philosophy of racial hierarchy and competition within European countries played as central elements. Evidently, the Europeans believed to superior and civilized hence felt the need to colonize and civilize Africans. Subsequently, competition within European countries aggravated the need to prove the power. Conceivably, the sure way to show superiority in the 19th century was to colonize and dominate a country in the African continent. This, therefore, contributed to the scramble and acquisition of Africa.
Works Cited
Fox, Peter. Cambridge University Library: The Great Collections. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998. Print.
Gat, Azar. Victorious and Vulnerable: Why Democracy Won in the 20th Century and How It Is Still Imperiled. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2010. Print.
Satre, Lowell J. Chocolate on Trial: Slavery, Politics, and the Ethics of Business. Athens OH: Ohio University Press, 2005. Print.
Two aspects of emigration that could be problematic to an emigrant and the host nation
Two Challenging Aspects of Emigration to Emigrants and the Host Country
Baumann Muller Esther
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Two Challenging Aspects of Emigration to Emigrants and the Host Country
The movement of people across international borders to permanently settle in other countries continues to pose a number of challenges to the emigrants and the host nations. Emigrants relocate to another country to escape political, social, and economic misfortunes. Another motivation for emigrants to relocate from their nations is the hope for more opportunities abroad, but this often leads to frustrations because they face worse conditions in the host nations. Initially, emigration provided a viable solution to host nations, mostly developed nations, by cutting down foreign aid to developing nations and relieving the pressure of an ageing labor force, while emigrants benefited by remitting money to their relatives back at home and secured new job opportunities (Jørgen, 2008). Despite the notable benefits of emigration, the increasing number of emigrants poses several economic and social challenges to the emigrants and the host nation.
Emigration pressures the labor market and raises the cost of living in a host nation. Employers exploit the labor market by capitalizing on the abundant, cheap, and flexible supply of emigrant labor to pay low wages and lay off native workers. The host nation suffers because companies limit their potential to compete in the global market by lowering investments on innovation and employee training due to high supply of wage earners. Unemployment cases increase, especially for native workers, when desperate emigrants accept low wages and the population of the nation increases due to enhanced emigration (Jørgen, 2008). The unskilled emigrants receive low wages that lower the value of labor and increase the prices for low-income consumer goods, thereby, increasing the cost of living. Emigration strains welfare support and public services in the health, education, and legal domain and forces the host government to levy more taxes to emigrants.
Emigrants endure several social challenges in the host nations. Some natives perceive emigrants as a threat to their national and social organization (Floracka, Piontkowskia, & Rohmanna, 2003). This negative perception creates hostility between the emigrants and the natives, especially, when the latter group feels that government policies favor emigrant issues. The locals fear that emigrants will alter or dilute the religious and cultural beliefs, national symbols, and experiences that unify their society. Segregation, discrimination, and inter-ethnic tensions may arise due to emigration and miscommunication between the many groups within the community. The host nation bears unnecessary costs to help integrate emigrants into the hostile communities and address the issue of racial intolerance.
Security concerns present another social challenge to emigrants and the host government. The host nation incurs costs to fortify its porous borders that sometimes facilitate the easy entry of terrorists, child traffickers, and war criminals. The deplorable living and working conditions in the host nation compels emigrants to engage in criminal and social misconduct such as carjacking and prostitution. These illegal activities, often conducted in the poor neighborhoods, lead to public dissent against emigration and compel the host government to take ruthless action against emigrants (Floracka, Piontkowskia, & Rohmanna, 2003). The growing ethnic tensions among emigrants and the native communities prompt foreign policy and security re-evaluation to avert potential civil strife in host nations.
The rising number of emigrants curtails the merits of emigration and poses numerous economic and social challenges to emigrants and the host nation. Emigrants relocate from their home nations to explore new opportunities and escape social, economic, and political tribulations. Emigrants often feel disappointed because they experience worse conditions in the host nations. Emigration disrupts the labor market and raises the cost of living at the expense of the emigrants and the host nation. Ethnic tensions arise between the native communities and the emigrants because the natives fear that emigrants threaten their original national and social identity. Emigration threatens national security and compels a host nation to incur unnecessary expenses to secure its borders and protect emigrants from ethnic hostilities and racial violence.
References
Floracka, A., Piontkowskia, U., & Rohmanna, A. (2003). Perceived Intergroup Threat and Attitudes of Host Community Members Toward Immigrant Acculturation. The Journal of Social Psychology, Volume 143, Issue 5, pages 633-648.
Jørgen, C. (2008). The Determinants of Migrant Remittances. Oxford Review Of Economic Policy, Volume 24, Issue 3, pages 581-598.