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Police Officer and Female Offenders in USA
Police Officer and Female Offenders in USA
Introduction
Female offenders vary from male offenders. They are treated and handled differently by male police officers irrespective of the offense that they commit. Male police officers tend to be kind to the female offenders. This is due to the nature of the human heart that calls for kindness when treating your fellow counterpart from the opposite sex. Police officers can also trade their act of being kind to the female offenders for a favor. These favors are normally contrary to the female rights. These favors are normally in terms of human factors e.g. sex rather than monetary factors.
Sexual Favors
Police officers treat female offenders with plenty of humilities in expectation of sexual favors. Male police officers knows and understand that, if they do award maximum kindness to the female offender, then she can easily submit into having sex with them. Male offenders are often treated harshly and hardly due to their nature of being defiant. Male offender will offer no favor to a male officer due to their similarity of sexes. This is the reason as to why they always receive harsh treatment from their fellow male police offices (Strand et al, 2012). Most female offenders understand the dynamics and tricks to use against the male officers. They know that, male officers can always be lured easily by offering them sexual fulfillment. With this, they are always set free and let go off their law troubles.
Women are soft
As compared to male offenders, most women are soft and should be handled with utmost care. Most female offenders are too soft to be handled like a male person. This calls for kindness and understanding by the police officers when handling female offenders. Female offenders have minimal strength compared to men. They do not own the muscles and biceps that are too characteristic of men. They do not react rudely when in a situation. This is due to their nature of fear; male police officers ought to handle the female offenders with utmost care compared to if a male offender was being handed. Most female offenders are too weak when faced in a situation. This is due to the fear that takes the better part of their mental composition; hence, male police officers shouldn’t apply any means of brutality when handling female offenders.
Female offenders are non-resistant
Female offenders never resist arrest when under an offense (Wong et al, 2012). Most men would try to use their ability of strength to resist any type of arrest even if he is guilty of the offence. Male offenders believe and trust that their level of strength will always aid them out of the situation. Female offenders are always camouflaged with the shades of fear when they commit an offence. This fear deprives their resistive force and admits to the offence. This is one of the chief reasons why female offenders should be handled with utmost care irrespective to the type of offence that they commit. Male police officers should understand that, female offenders bare no force of resistance irrespective of the offence.
Conclusion
Male police officers should always learn to treat female offenders with utmost respect and kindness. This is due to their nature of being weak and fearful. Female offenders are always submissive while the male offenders seem to be defiant even if they are suspect of the offence.
References;
Strand, S. S., & McEwan, T. E. (2012). Violence among Female Stalkers. Psychological Medicine, 42(3), 545-555.
Wong, T. L., & Van de Schoot, R. (2012). The Effect of Offenders’ Sex on Reporting Crimes to the Police. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(7), 1276-1292
Ethical and Communication Skills Analysis
Ethical and Communication Skills Analysis
Ethical skills in the formal sector are perhaps the backbone of decision making when issues of right and wrong come into the equation. Professional practice is faced by several decision making processes that require a sober contribution based on right judgment and expectations based on reasonable standards. Appropriate decision making even in professional practice is dependent on the individual’s encounter with judgments calling for ethical conduct. While the training in professional conduct and codes of conduct for a particular profession provide useful guidelines for dealing with ethical dilemmas, personal skills built over the years provide the most important determinant on ethics. In business ethics, professionals are invited to apply ethical skills in the diverse spectrum of judgment alternatives likely to give the right operations in the right way. Various ethical considerations in business such as accountability and honesty among many others cannot be taught through academic interventions alone; personal experiences with ethical judgment makes the appropriate meaning in all decision making procedures. It is therefore important for business ethics students to uphold ethical judgments as a prerequisite for higher professional assignments to be easier.
Communication skills in addition play an important role in the creation of an all-round business professional capable of delivering leadership in clarity and coherence of ideas. Similarly, while training in business communication harmonizes and formalizes the environment in which such communication takes place, the level of conversance with basic communication skills determines the success achieved by such professionals in terms of communication. A perfect professional packaging in a communication intensive field such as business demands that clear manifestation of communication skills forms part of the résumé. Communication in business is a fundamental element that creates the nexus between social and economic scopes of business, which implies that the business society would be inconceivable without it (Business Advocacy Fund, n.d, p3). Professions in business require development and expression of skills such as interpersonal communication, clarity, organization and relevance to the subject matter. These skills are eventually built up as the professional establishes a niche for business as a career, which makes it an important agenda of any business student to apply communication experiences encountered along the way.
Explanation of Skills Choice
The choice of ethical and communication skills for a management environment was as a result of their irreplaceability in the relationship that a professional makes with others. The impression left on the performance of the business due to the conduct of an individual may materially affect the manner in which future relationships are determined. In terms of ethics, the conduct of an individual does not only affect the internal relations of an organization but also external impression. The external impression may not only affect the individual but a potent risk of organizational portrayal exists, which implies that the success of the business is also risked. Communication skills closely follow this element of the individual at the internal level while external level may also implicate both the individual and the entire organization in case of poor performance (Hargie 2006, p5). The potential of the creation of a favorable public image is beneficial in the line of business of any business establishment that relies on the market perceptions about the attributes of the service provision. It is therefore important that reflection on the encounter with these two attributes of a business professional is emphasized in the learning process.
Experience and Theory Relationship
An illustration of a personal experience with these skills could shed some light on the primary importance of early learning before professional encounter. In an ethical scenario, I was controlling a queue where a group of people were receiving allowances after delivery of casual labor. I noticed a few of them conspiring to pick allowances more than once and I had to intervene and stopped them with the assistance of the guards. Honesty at that level entailed sacrificing any popularity from the young men and doing the right thing. It was successful since the organization was spared of scrupulous characters swindling it of important resources, however immaterial it would have been to its accounts. This was inspired by the understanding of the importance of having the responsibility to do the right thing at the moment of conflicting forces (Kolb 1984, p.11).
A communication scenario I was involved in was in the similar setting of a group of manual laborers staging protests against mistreatment by the organization’s administration by use of impolite language. Alternatively, the laborers were protesting against delaying their pay by several hours to days, a trend that they feared would lead to their dismissal following arising inconveniences. With the absence of the manager in the premises, I managed to reach him on the phone and he told me to do anything to mitigate any adverse impact from the protest as he made arrangements to clear the grievances. In the application of my communication skills, firstly I had to be as brief and clear as possible on the phone to the manager due to the difficulty of the time. Secondly, I gathered the protesting laborers and began with allowing them to air their grievances in a calm way making assurances of delivering a message from the manger that would quell the standoff. I was capable of gathering information through listening to them which made it possible for me to prepare a pleasant impromptu speech that highlighted their plight and made emphasis of the fact that protesting was adversely going to affect them as well as the organization. The success of the scenario was that the protests subsided on that day but failure emerged later from the fact that the organization did not timely respond to the grievances.
In terms of the relationship with theory on ethics and communication, application of amassed experience and relevant skills in decision making is important in professional interpretation of scenarios. Reflection of personal experiences in the professional learning of business ethics and communication is perhaps an important approach in the assimilation of academic interventions on various decision making encounters. According to Boud (1985, p92), professional training on various management interventions becomes more practical and complete if the students can translate their experiences into the broader picture involving the learning and decision making. In the illustrations given above where communication skills as well as ethical skills learnt before without the context of professional management training enabled me to contribute towards appropriate decision making. Without the application of the skills highlighted, it would have been difficult to avoid possible adverse impacts of the conflicts.
Reflective learning theories explain that the integration of the experiences in the learning process facilitates acknowledgment of underlying principles intended in the theory better than without them. It is important to invoke the environment and reaction of past experiences in making decisions based on the likely right outcomes. Courtney, Holtham and Nygaard (2009, p165) reckon that the most important acknowledgment in such a learning environment is the repetitive nature of managerial options and the apparent creation of a database of appropriate experienced interventions underscores the accuracy of retrieval of past right actions. The authors refer to this learning and reflective basis of decision making as action inquiry which can be likened to retrieval of useful intervention information in similar or related scenarios.
Perfection
In order to make such encounters with decision making appropriate in marketing environment and perhaps in every other business related decision, certain changes will need to be incorporated. While the most ethical considerations may appear to be conflicting with popular feelings, it would be appropriate to accord decision making sufficient time to implore on different alternatives likely to protect the dignity of the intention as well as that of the affected people having a conflicting opinion. This would perhaps invite decision makers to analyze the decision on a cost and benefit basis. As observed in the ethical experience illustration above, the decision to indulge the guards to apprehend the offenders in the queue can be said to have been conducted in a hasty manner since there were several options of maintaining discrete interventions in isolation and avoid humiliation in front of those observing (Pribbenow 2011, para.25). It could not necessarily have to be less brutal but summoning the worker with the evidence of misrepresentation at the time of allowance collection forming sufficient verdict. It is perhaps important to consider the actual circumstances of every case and conduct decision making in a humane way.
In conclusion, the relevance of the image projected by the decisions made at the managerial level is important in generation of perceptions about the manager as well as the organization. In the creation of a pleasant and marketable brand for the individual as well as the organization, communication skills exhibited in various interaction platforms sends heavy messages that impact on the marketability of the brand image (Business Advocacy Fund, n.d, p2). In a similar way, marketing in the more skeptical public eye than before is heavily based on the portrayal of ethical conduct by anyone associated with the brand. This implies that ethical skills generated over the years must be applied to present the organization in the best way possible. In reflective learning, past experiences with important skills needed in decision making process become paramount in making meaning out of theoretical concepts. In line with this observation, ethical and communication skills displayed by a marketing professional are partly influenced by the ability to make meaning of experiences and partly by the training undergone.
References
Boud, D. (1985) Reflection: turning experience into learning. New York, NY: Nichols Publishing Company
Business Advocacy Fund (n.d) Communication Skills, [Online] Available from <http://www.businessadvocacy.org/dloads/fsCommunicationSkills.pdf> [Accessed 10 December 2011]
Courtney, N., Holtham, C. & Nygaard, C. (2009) Improving students’ learning outcomes. Copenhagen , Denmark: Copenhagen Business School Press DK.
Hargie, O. (2006) The handbook of communication skills. New York, NY: Routledge
Kolb, D. A. (1984) Experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall
Pribbenow, P. C. (2011) Growing Your Ethical Skills, [Online] Available from <http://www.philanthropyjournal.org/resources/fundraisinggiving/growing-our-ethical-skills> [Accessed 10 December 2011]
Police force use in different neighborhoods
Police force use in different neighborhoods
Student’s name
Institution affiliation
Police coercion is always a hotly debated matter. The police have always been vindicated for committing serious crimes against the citizens they are sworn to protect. There are several instances of police brutality in America. Some of the cases are never solved. The victims and their families remain tormented for the rest of their lives. Research has noted that the police behave differently in different neighborhoods. Force is a core police function. The police use force for varied reasons, mainly to coerce the suspect. The main concern among the citizens has always been the nature and intensity of the force. Video leaks of police force often spike heated national debates. For example, the murder of George Floyd led to widespread protests in the country. The citizens protested how the police officer committed the crime. The incident opened up wounds of prior cases of police brutality among the black community. The African-America felt that the police force was always targeting them. The focus of this paper was to investigate whether the police behave differently in different backgrounds. The paper aimed to find out the reasons for the odd behaviors in different neighborhoods. The other research question was: do sociodemographic factors influence forceful police behavior? The research was conducted in Indiana and Florida. The researchers chose the Indianapolis and St. Petersburg police departments.
The police use force to apprehend suspects in different instances. Researchers use different perspectives to elaborate on the use of force. The first one is the situational or sociological perspective that focuses on the impact of the neighborhood’s social position on disciplinary police behavior. In this model, the police are inclined to use force towards people of a particular caliber such as the poor, the minority, and the young. Besides, the use of force is biased towards disrespecting, abusive, mentally incapacitated, and also towards individuals who try to resist capture. Essentially, society sets the police to use force. The second view is the psychological perspective, where the officer’s traits, experiences, and perceptions are posited to affect police behavior (Terrill & Reisig, 2003). This perspective is individualistic. Hence, a police officer will behave in a manner that is dictated by their behavior and experiences. The theory moves away from laying blame on society.
The third approach examines the role of the organization in the usage of force. The theory sympathizers stress on both official and informal characters of the society. The styles of policing reflect the organization’s rules, SOPs, incentives, administrative direction, and disincentives. Hence, officers within a given department are likely to behave similarly when they embrace their vision. All these perspectives fail to elaborate on why the use of force varies in different settings. Aggressive police tactics are unevenly distributed across urban neighborhoods. Most of the earlier studies did not focus on these. However, one study observed and interviewed Oakland patrol officers and shed light on some of the issues which are the focus of this paper. According to this study, the police form prejudiced opinions about neighborhoods depending on their interaction with its people (Terrill & Reisig, 2003). This was a social and psychological perspective. Officers are led by past experiences to conclude the high violence rates in specific groups. For example, the black community is more likely to cause trouble than the white society, or that poor people are more likely to commit crime than the rich ones.
Ecological contamination is a concept introduced by Wenham and Piliavin that states that all people in labeled bad neighborhoods are condemned to the same fate of brutal force. Wenham and Piliavin argue that the site where an individual is arrested determines the measures that the officers use instead of the person’s character. Bayley and Mendelsohn concur with this approach. According to them, the police are more aggressive and punitive when making arrests in lesser class and high lawbreaking vicinities. Smith’s study observed that aggressive force is not necessarily dictated by the race of a person but by the ethnic configuration of the neighborhood (Terrell & Reisig, 2003).
Some critics, however, disagree that the police tend to use more hostile measures in disadvantaged backgrounds. Goldstein’s report observed that the police rarely made arrests or made reports for cases from depressed societies. The study assumes a more neutral approach. It is, therefore, difficult to conclude that the police are inclined to use more force in depressed communities. Nevertheless, the paper considered the methodology of all the prior researchers. The definition of aggression differs from one study to another. Hence, there is a chance that the results are different. It is important to note that the suspect behavior is perhaps the most crucial determinant of police use of force.
The research utilized four sources of data namely: systemic social observation, crime records, in-person police interviews, and census reports. In systemic social observation, the researchers were trained for 45 hours to develop a third party disinterested trait. The approach gives researchers a rare opportunity to observe police activity on the ground. The observers always took notes on each field day. Since the topic is rather sensitive, the police names were coded. A total of twelve beats in each city were designated, and observers consigned to journey with these officials. The degree of social distress was used to select the beats from each site. The criteria used include the proportion of female-headed families, fraction of jobless persons, and the level of poverty. Systematic social observation was recorded in 97 out of the 98 beats (Terrill & Reisig, 2003).
The researchers defined a police encounter as one that involved face-to-face communication between the citizens and the police officers. This was to rule out meaningless encounters such as greetings. A total of 6500 encounters were detected in Indianapolis and 5500 in St. Petersburg. The other definition considered was the meaning of a suspect. A suspect is a wrongdoer, a peace disturber, or a one to whom a complaint had been submitted. Any person who was interrogated, searched, verbally warned, threatened, or arrested was also designated as a suspect. The inclusion criteria present a problem of defining the use of force which is the focus of this paper. A total of 3544 encounters involving 305 police officers were recorded. 136 encounters were excluded when they could not be mapped to a given neighborhood. The researchers also excluded data from eighteen neighborhoods because of the few interactions. After sorting, the data consists of 3330 police encounters nested in 80 neighborhoods (Terrill & Reisig, 2003).
Forceful police behavior are deeds that impose physical injury on the suspect. One shortcoming of the definition is that it includes regular procedures of arrest like pat-downs and handcuffing. This is why the researchers’ sort to include observers in the researchers to report excessive use of force. Some scholars argue that threats and commands should be included in the research because of the coercive nature of these acts. In the case of commands, the deed to harm is implicit, whereas a threat is explicit (Klinger, 1995). The dependent variables capture both physical and oral displays of force. The force was grouped into four namely: none, verbal, physical restraint which comprised handcuffs and pat-downs, and impact strategies that involved pain compliance methods and takedown maneuvers. All the four categories were coded using the numbers one to four respectively. In 42% of police meetings, no force was applied, 37% of the cases used verbal coercion, 19% utilized restraint methods, and only 2% of the cases involved impact means (Terrill & Reisig, 2003). The police may use more than one category of force to restrain a suspect. The study only focused on the highest level utilized. The study excluded force applied by secondary police officers. The researchers excluded categorizing the force into either excessive or non-excessive. Such inclusion would stretch the scope of the research.
The second part was identifying the independent variables. The researchers used the 1990 census data to sort the neighborhood. It focused primarily on disadvantaged groups based on economic status. The investigators included the homicide rate to capture the variations in crime. The homicide rate was 93 in the Indianapolis neighborhood based on the 1995-year report and at 23 in St. Petersburg. The encounter level variables were based on sociodemographic traits such as gender, minority groups, age, and wealth. The observers included factors such as suspect appearance, officer features, and officer outlooks in some of the multivariate models. To comprehend the use of force in certain neighborhoods, one must appreciate that citizens interact daily with the police. The interactions lead to police preformed opinions of the characters of specific neighborhoods. Non-observational studies occlude this important factor. It is essential to remember that this research could not pinpoint when the opinions developed since the studies are often conducted for short periods.
The findings supported the ecological contamination hypothesis. The police are expected to use sophisticated levels of force in high crime zones and environs with extraordinary numbers of concentrated disadvantage people independent of suspicious presentation. The findings also support the psychological perspective that guides the police to form prejudiced opinions about particular areas and individuals. The sites are viewed as areas of high danger and the police are forced to take hard precautionary measures. The police use impact strategies to handle high crime areas. Regrettably, suspects found in these areas will be handled in the same manner regardless of their presentation. The cynical behavior of the police is worse towards suspects who are not from the designated bad neighborhood. The findings noted that sociodemographic factors such as race, class, sex, and age influenced the behavior of the police. The race is only a paramount factor within a given social setting. The results showed that the police used more force when handling male, young, and lower class suspicious persons regardless of the neighborhood setting (Terrill & Reisig, 2003).
Future research should focus on understanding the views of the police officers towards specific neighborhoods that form the basis of their behavior. After understanding the opinions, future researchers would now postulate an explicit framework that will allow additional empirical testing. Upcoming research should also consider the impact of other neighborhood aspects on forceful police behavior. The observers noted the police behaved differently with suspects at the beginning of the sessions. Hence, it is possible not to know what would have transpired in their absence. The results of this research are therefore not conclusive and a more holistic approach should be adopted in future studies.
References
Klinger, D. A. (1995). The microstructure of nonlethal force: Baseline data from an observational study. Criminal justice review, 20(2), 169-186.
Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. D. (2003). Neighborhood context and police use of force. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40(3), 291-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427803253800