Recent orders
Hamidi et al., 2013. Personalized Security Approaches in E-Banking Employing Flask Architecture over Cloud Environment
Hamidi et al., 2013. Personalized Security Approaches in E-Banking Employing Flask Architecture over Cloud Environment. The 4th International Conference on Emerging Ubiquitous Systems and Pervasive Networks (EUSPN-2013).
Introduction
The banks have also benefited from an improvement of customer relationship which has led to negligible cases of customers closing their accounts out of disappointment. This is as a result of such technology as Customer relationship Management system This is a system which allows the management of these banks to review their performance and their service to their clients due to use of such interactive system.
The clients lock in their complements, complains and suggestions on banking matters. They can also advice on policies that they think should be improved or introduced to make the services and the bank generally improve. The system provides a broad approach on how the bank management and staff can improve on their services and meet customer interests.
Hypothesis
The confidence with customers have embraced mobile banking is a big improvement and a boost to the banks. It could be very difficult for this banks to move on if the customers became hesitant to e mm brace this technology. Some few customers interviewed however still little confidence has in the ICT developments in the bank.
continued assessment of those who have embraced mobile banking will ultimately make them change their minds and follow suit.
Conclusion
Unlike before, the search for an increased data processing and protection abilities has been improved by both banks. This will therefore mean that the chances of data being lost are rare. The internet and other technological advancements have made it possible for the collection and retention of this data to be improved. Even boost online banking therefore w ill more with this kind of assurance by these two banks. Though the initial investments on equipment that are used to boost data are high, their importance cannot be underestimated. The banks require management to recover these expenses from the profits resulting from more business opportunities and transactions.
All accounting systems are subject to the risk of error or misstatement
Accounting Systems
All accounting systems are subject to the risk of error or misstatement.
Describe the components parts of an accounting system and with reference to an accounting software package or your choice, for each part identify one control that helps to ensure that the accounting records are complete or that the organizations assets are safeguarded.
Accounting system refers to the collection, storage and processing of both the accounting and financial data vital for making decisions in any given business activity. In the current world, the introduction of the accounting information system in most cases involves a computer-based system essential in the tracking of accounting activities in the business. In obtaining the resulting statistics reports, as a result of the tracking, the information is vital and usable by internal management. However, in other cases, the resulting statistics is used externally by other interested parties such as tax authorities, investors and creditors. The components parts of an accounting system entail of the accounts receivable, accounts payable, order entry, cost accounting and payroll.
Accounts receivable refers to the legally enforceable claims that any business activity might represent to the customer for supply of a given amount of commodity/service. In most cases, the accounts receivable exists in the forms of invoices raised by the business and forwarded to the customers for payment in a distinct time frame. Since the accounts receivable represent the cash that the organization own, they usually appear in the balance sheet as assets. In the accounting system transaction, the accounts receivable shows the billing that the customer needs to pay for the services and commodities ordered (Collier and Sam 52). However, it is essential to differentiate the notes receivable from the accounts payable. The notes receivable gives an indication of the debts created through formal legal instruments referred to as promissory notes.
In trying to minimize the risk exposed to the accounts receivable, the most appropriate tool to utilize in this case is the acumatica which is proprietary software. In utilizing the acumatica tool, the risk of invoice errors also known as incorrect charges become minimal. The invoice error always results into excess/loss of revenue hence contributing to inaccurate accounting. However, in utilizing the acumatica the control that will assist in ensuring the accounts receivable give accurate data is the proper segregation of duties. The proper segregation of duties in most accounting system becomes a challenge since all the personnel want to have access to the cash (Collier and Sam 71). However, the acumatica tool will assist in proper segregation of duties hence ensuring that individual that have access to cash in the firm do not play any given role in updating accounts receivable records.
Accounts payable refers to the money owned by businesses to the various suppliers of commodities. In an effort to record the accounts payable, the accountants of any given businesses activity will always record it as a liability on the balance sheet. The accounts payable have a distinct difference with the notes payable liabilities which refer to the debts that occur in the business through the legal instrument documents. One of the risks that face organizations when it comes to the accounts payable is aspect of additional amounts of cash of the actual amount of debt needed by any organization.
In most of the cases, the accountants responsible for the accounts payable will always have difficult to record the appropriate debt of the firm. In other cases, firms also face difficult in depicting the actual debt of the firm since the cash receipts go missing. The high risks of theft involvement in the business organizations require high and strong control to safeguard the cash receipts. In using the acumatica software, the firm will always safeguard the receipts and have a computerized based system to store the debts of the firm. The access to the stored debts and accounts payable becomes only known to some restricted members of the organization hence reducing levels of theft.
The order entry refers to the process through which an order becomes recorded into the business organization entry system. Immediately an order becomes part of the business information, the management becomes capable of viewing information concerning the order. Necessary adjustments concerning the order can take place once the information becomes part of the system (Collier and Sam 92). In an effort to ensures that the order entry records are complete hence the organization assets becomes safeguarded, the acumatica accounting package makes it possible for the computerized system to store the original order entry. Regardless of the several changes made on the order entry, the original entry is the most vital when it comes to balancing of accounts.
Cost accounting refers to the complex process of collecting, summarizing analyzing and evaluating various alternative decisions made by the management of the organization. The chief goal of the cost accounting is to advise the management on the course actions in relationship with the cost capability and efficiency. Through the cost accounting, the management of the business activity learns to utilize the cost information that manages current and future plans of the firm. In utilizing the acumatica accounting tool, it assists in ensuring that accounting records in relationship to cost accounting records given are safeguarded. The acumatica accounting package assists in segregating the responsibility for initiating, evaluation and approving of investment from those of detailed accounting and recording functions (Collier and Sam 105).
In any given business organization, payroll gives the actual sum of all the financial records related to the salaries, bonuses, wages and deductions of the employees. The payroll in most accounting firms gives an overall amount of cash offered to the employees for the services provided during a certain time frame. The risks exposed to several organizations concerning payroll entail of the fictitious employees, excessive leaves uses and overpayment (Collier and Sam 117). The acumatica accounting emphasizes on the segregation of payroll preparations and payroll register approval. The acumatica accounting tool enforces the printing of the quarterly and monthly payment together will all the advancement payment given to the employees. Through having a backup of the printed payment documents, the organization will ensure that appropriate payment adjustments take place.
Question Three.
What are the implementation issues associated with a change of IT system within an organization? What actions can a corporation undertake to mitigate against operational risks associated with the implementation of a new IT system?
In the current world, diverse implementation issues face the organization especially when it comes to the change of Information Technology systems. Some of the implementation issues currently facing organizations encompass of overemphasis on the aspect of technology in some organizations. The aspect of technology becomes essential in the already developed organizations that undertake complex procedures in a single process. However, overemphasis on technology in the small business and still developing business activity has become a recent implementation challenge (Collier and Sam 121). The rigid work partners in most organizations also make it almost difficult for management to instill change of the information technology systems within any given organization.
Most of the employees after working several years in a given department under certain conditions will become rigid in adapting into new technological changes. In other organization, the inflexibility of the organizational department gives the planning team a difficult time in enacting changes related to the IT systems. Some of the departments offer resistance to change through lack of appropriate interactions and exchange of data. The level of decision making process in the organization also affect the implementation of IT system in business organizations (Collier and Sam 136). Before enacting any given change related to the IT system, it is vital that all the decision making bodies in the organization agree to a common IT system routine. The level of integration of information between the management and the employees also impact the implementation of IT system change in the organization.
However, through the research and findings, there exist diverse actions vital for corporations to undertake in an effort to mitigate the operational risks associated with implementations of the information technology system. One of the actions that the corporation needs to undertake is ensuring that the management fully gets involved in the process of facilitating IT system change in the organization. The management needs to take more active roles in implementing change rather than just providing money and other resources.
The involvement of the management in the organization can become through actively supporting interagency agreements in the organization. The management needs to learn the most appropriate means of assisting the processes of sharing and acquisition of information in the entire organization. The spread of information from one party to the next in the organization will depend with management (Collier and Sam 144). To achieve a better understanding of the changes in the IT system, the management needs to share information concerning the system throughout all the levels. The management also needs to develop organizational strategies essential for crossing internal and political boundaries within employees.
An additional measure that the organization needs to undertake to mitigate operational risks associated with implementation of IT systems entails of the training and educating the employees to become knowledgeable concerning IT. Most of the employees face problems when it comes to implementation of the change in IT systems because of lack of knowledge concerning IT. The level of education and skills in the organization will always vary. For this reason, the management of the firm needs to enact an appropriate measure to educate all the employees concerning the new IT system (Collier and Sam 168). All the employees having same level of education will definitely respond appropriately when it comes to the actual change.
An additional initiative that the corporation ought to undertake to mitigate operational risks associated with change in IT system entail of continued promotion of the new system. The staff heading the change in the IT system needs to continue promoting the IT system even after implementation. The continued promotion of the IT system change will entail of both financial and informational support. The staff also needs to ensure that the promotion of the project is of high profile hence gaining enough public support from employees in the firm.
Works cited
Collier, Paul M, and Sam Agyei-Ampomah. Management Accounting-Risk and Control Strategy. Oxford: CIMA, 2008. Print.
All About the Fourth Amendment
All About the Fourth Amendment
Student’s name
Institutional Affiliation
All About The Fourth Amendment
The Fourth Amendment of the United States’ Constitution is fraction of the ten Bill of rights that prevents unreasonable search and seizures to property and people. Originally, the Fourth Amendment imposed the concept of a man’s castle being his home and secured unjustified searches by the government. Worth noting, the Fourth Amendment protects citizens from arbitrary arrests and forms the basis of laws pertaining to stop-and-frisk, search warrants, wiretaps, safety inspections, and other forms of surveillance. Moreover, the Fourth Amendment is the basis of many other criminal law topics and privacy laws.
The Intention of the Framers
Through drafting the Fourth Amendment, the framers’ intention was to guarantee future generations with similar property protection rights they had gained over centuries over under the mutual laws of America and England. James Madison was an obvious contributor to the Fourth Amendment; he created the amendments first draft. Evidence shows that the Framers of the Fourth Amendment viewed the terms ‘unreasonable searches and seizures’ as simply a negative label of the extent of how illegal searches and seizures might happen under general warrants. The Fourth Amendment was adopted instituted in response to abuse of writ of assistance that was a significant source of tension in Revolutionary America.
The Incorporation of the Fourth Amendment
For several decades the government that existed under the Articles of the Confederation had become weak. As a result, a Constitutional Convention was convened in Philadelphia. Here a new constitution was proposed in September 1787 featuring many changes. A Conventional Delegate named George Mason proposed having a list of Bill of rights that guarantees civil liberties (Carbado, 2017, p. 17). Mason also drafted Virginia’s Declaration of Rights. Other delegates included James Madison, who also became a future Bill of Rights drafter. Madison opposed the move arguing that the states that already existed guaranteed sufficient civil liberties. He argued that any attempt at enumerating personal rights risked insinuating that unmade rights were not protected. After a short debate, Mason’s proposal became defeated through a undisputed vote.
In order for the Constitution to be ratified, nine out of thirteen states had to acknowledge it in state convections. While some states opposed its ratification, others supported it. When the first United States Congress was held on the request of the state legislature, Jason Madison proposed twenty amendments with the state bill of rights as a foundation and the Bill of Rights of 1689, including an amendment that needs probable cause in relation to government searches. Congress cut down the proposed amendments to twelve incorporating the modifications proposed by Madison about seizures and searches. The final language was presented to the states for official ratification on 25th September 1789. By the time the Bill of Rights was being presented to the States for ratification, opinions in parties had started shifting (Tokson, 2019, p.12). Most Federalists that previously were opposing the Bill of rights now began supporting it as a way to silence effective criticism of Anti-Federalists. On the contrary, many Anti-Federalists had started opposing the Bill of rights. This is after they realized that adopting the Bill would significantly diminish the chances of another constitutional convection they yearned for. Anti-Federalists, including Richard Henry Lee were convinced that the Bill of Rights omitted the most objectionable part of the Constitution such as direct taxation and federal judiciary.
New Jersey ratified eleven of the twelve amendments on 20th November 1789. The fourth amendment was one of the eleven that were ratified. On 19th December 1789, 19th January 1790 and 22nd December 1789 Maryland, South Caroline, and North Carolina ratified all the twelve amendments. Hampshire and Delaware enacted eleven of the twelve amendments on June 25th 1790 and June 28th 1790 respectively. Although the process stalled in other states, this brought the number of ratifying states to six from the required ten. Georgia and Connecticut refused to ratify the Bill of Rights as they did not find it necessary. Massachusetts managed to ratify most amendments but did not send a notice to the State Secretary. Between February and June 1790, Pennsylvania, New York, and Rhode Island failed to ratify eleven amendments, including the Fourth amendments. While Virginia postponed its debate, Vermont ratified the Bill of Rights on 3rd November 1791. Virginia followed Vermont in ratifying the Bill on 15th December 1791. Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State officially announced the successful adoption of ten ratified amendments on 1st March 1792.
Implementation over Time
Over time, the Fourth Amendment has been taken to mean that it is illegal for law enforcement to arrest or search a person without a judiciary-sanctioned warrant. This is owing to the basic rule of the Amendment that searches and arrests carried out during the judicial process are considered unreasonable. Each search and arrest should be supported with probable cause. The Supreme Court Case Chandler v. Miller (1997) concluded that for a search to be reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, it must be based on the personalized suspicion of wrongdoing. In essence, the Fourth Amendment prevents the United States government from carrying out unreasonable seizures and searches (Kugler, & Strahilevitz, 2017, p. 72)). This means that according to this Bill, a police officer cannot approach a person or their property to search them without a warrant. The same has also been applying to evidence collection. The Fourth Amendment has been making it possible for people to defend themselves in a court of law. If a person is facing criminal charges after facing an unlawful search, the person can push to have the evidence thrown out if was collected in a manner that infringes on constitutional rights.
How and Why the Fourth Amendment Matters Today
Worth noting, not every case of search and seizure that is scrutinized in federal and state courts applies to the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment only cautions citizens from searches and seizures carried out by the government or in pursuit of a governmental direction. Notably, investigatory and surveillance actions carried out by strictly private individuals such as suspicious spouses, private investigators, or nosey neighbors are not taken into consideration under the Fourth Amendment. The concerns of the Fourth Amendments start when the actions are undertaken by law enforcement officials or other private people working alongside the law enforcement.
How the Fourth Amendment Could Be Changed Procedurally
Today, the Fourth Amendment is seen as a bill that lays an understanding of the exercising restraint on the government anytime it seizes or searches property or an individual unlawfully. There is no assurance that this will remain the case in the future. There is a possibility that the constitution might undergo another series of changes in the following decades; there is no way to tell. The framers of the future might end up adding more bills or even doing away with others as the composition of the society keeps revolving. One thing is for sure that for as long as the Constitution exists, it will always protect citizens and encourage reasonable searches and seizures.
References
Carbado, D. W. (2017). From Stopping Black People to Killing Black People: The Fourth Amendment Pathways to Police Violence. Calif. L. Rev., 105, 125.
Kugler, M. B., & Strahilevitz, L. J. (2017). The Myth of Fourth Amendment Scrutiny. U. Chi. L. Rev., 84, 1747.
Tokson, M. (2019). The Normative Fourth Amendment. Minn. L. Rev., 104, 741.