How is executive pay typically determined?

How is executive pay typically determined? Assess why boards of directors are looking more critically at executive pay in recent years.
Paper details: 411 essay 3

Please answer the topic question using the book I have provided. I have attached photos of the book that specifically address this topic. Use this book as the main source for the paper please.

The book is:
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management
Gary Dessler, 2019
Pearson